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List of former Muslims - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

List of former Muslims

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 Please help improve this article or section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (May 2008)


This is a list of notable people who have been Muslims sometime during their lives but left Islam for another religion or a non-religious ideology.

Contents

[edit] Converted to a different Abrahamic religion

[edit] Converted to Christianity

Albanian monarch, Skanderbeg converted from Christianity to Islam but reverted to Christianity later in life
Albanian monarch, Skanderbeg converted from Christianity to Islam but reverted to Christianity later in life[1]
Italian journalist Magdi Allam converted to Roman Catholicism during the Vatican's 2008 Easter vigil service presided over by Pope Benedict XVI
Italian journalist Magdi Allam converted to Roman Catholicism during the Vatican's 2008 Easter vigil service presided over by Pope Benedict XVI[2]
On St George's Day, 2005 Bosnian film director Emir Kusturica left Islam and was baptised into the Serb Orthodox Church
On St George's Day, 2005 Bosnian film director Emir Kusturica left Islam and was baptised into the Serb Orthodox Church[34]
Argentine president, Carlos Menem converted to Roman Catholicism due to his political aspirations
Argentine president, Carlos Menem converted to Roman Catholicism due to his political aspirations [29]
Al Qaeda terrorist Ramzi Yousef is said to have left Islam and embraced Christianity while in prison
Al Qaeda terrorist Ramzi Yousef is said to have left Islam and embraced Christianity while in prison [57][58]

[edit] Converted to Judaism

  • Reza Jabari - Israeli of Iranian birth who hijacked a flight between Tehran and the Iranian resort island of Kish in September, 1995 while working as a flight attendant for Iranian carrier Kish Air flight 707.[87]

[edit] Converted to the Bahá'í Faith

Mishkín-Qalam was a prominent Bahá'í and one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh, as well as a famous calligrapher of 19th century Persia.
Mishkín-Qalam was a prominent Bahá'í and one of the nineteen Apostles of Bahá'u'lláh, as well as a famous calligrapher of 19th century Persia.[88]

These were mostly people who were followers of the Bahá'u'lláh at the time he founded the Bahá'í Faith. They were formerly Muslims.

[edit] Part of an unorganized religion or no religion

[edit] Became atheists

Salman Rushdie, author of The Satanic Verses.
Salman Rushdie, author of The Satanic Verses. [92]
Former Muslim and Dutch politician Ehsan Jami was one of the two founders of the Central Committee for Ex-Muslims
Former Muslim and Dutch politician Ehsan Jami was one of the two founders of the Central Committee for Ex-Muslims[93]

[edit] Secular

British Pakistani secularist author Ibn Warraq at the 2007 Secular Islam Summit
British Pakistani secularist author Ibn Warraq at the 2007 Secular Islam Summit[117]

[123]

[edit] Rationalist or free-thinker

Bangladeshi writer Taslima Nasreen declares herself as a “secular humanist”.
Bangladeshi writer Taslima Nasreen declares herself as a “secular humanist”.[126]

[edit] Converted to a Dharmic religion

[edit] Converted to Buddhism

[edit] Converted to Hinduism

Harilal Gandhi converted to Islam, adopted the name "Abdullah Gandhi", but later reverted to Hinduism.
Harilal Gandhi converted to Islam, adopted the name "Abdullah Gandhi", but later reverted to Hinduism. [131]

[edit] Converted to Sikhism

  • Kuldeep Manak - (born Latif Mohammed) Famous Punjabi singer who, after his conversion, released a number of Sikh devotional tracks.[140]

[edit] Other

[edit] Religious founders

Mughal emperor Akbar proclaimed that no single religion possessed the absolute truth. This inspired him to create the Dīn-i Ilāhī in 1581
Mughal emperor Akbar proclaimed that no single religion possessed the absolute truth. This inspired him to create the Dīn-i Ilāhī in 1581[141]

[edit] Undetermined current belief system

Iranian activist Parvin Darabi was born a muslim, but later left Islam.
Iranian activist Parvin Darabi was born a muslim, but later left Islam.[148]
  • Parvin Darabi- Iranian born American activist, writer and woman's rights activist.[148]
  • Khalid Duran - Specialist in the history, sociology and politics of the Islamic world.[149]
  • Wesley Snipes - American actor, film producer, and martial artist. Snipes converted from Christianity in 1978 and left Islam in 1988. [150]
  • David Hicks - Australian-born Guantanamo Bay detainee who converted to Islam[151] and was notorious in his homeland for his once support of radical Islam and for the circumstances surrounding his incarceration, is believed to have renounced Islam whilst incarcerated at Guantanamo Bay.[152]

[edit] See also

[edit] Other apostasy-related lists

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Rendina, Claudio (2000). La grande enciclopedia di Roma. Rome: Newton Compton, 1136. ISBN 88-8289-316-2.
  2. ^ a b Pope baptizes one of Italy's most prominent Muslims at Easter vigil service
  3. ^ He saved me - The story of Hussain Andaryas from Afghanistan
  4. ^ Hutchison, Robert A. (1999). Their Kingdom Come: Inside the Secret World of Opus Dei. St. Martin's Press, 7. ISBN 0312193440.  - Sister Josephine Bakhita had been converted by force to Islam and then, freedom restored, had chosen Christianity.
  5. ^ Birdsall, Neville. Collected Papers in Greek And Georgian Textual Criticism, pg. 174.[1]; January 8th Saints.
  6. ^ (Tatar) "Үтәмешгәрәй". Tatar Encyclopedia. (2002). Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 
  7. ^ (Tatar) "Үтәмешгәрәй". Tatar Encyclopedia. (2002). Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 
  8. ^ (Tatar) "Үтәмешгәрәй". Tatar Encyclopedia. (2002). Kazan: Tatarstan Republic Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 
  9. ^ Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia's Steppe Frontier, Indiana University Press, 2002, ISBN 0253217709, M1 Google Print, p. 265.
  10. ^ Gershom Scholem, 'Shabtai Zvi (1626–1676)', 'Frank, Jacob, and the Frankists', from Encyclopedia Judaica
  11. ^ Biography of Walid Shoebat
  12. ^ Friedman, Lisa. "Ex-Muslim calls on her people to reject hatred", Los Angeles Daily News, 5 June 2005. (reproduced)
  13. ^ The Written Defense of the Rev. Mehdi Dibaj Delivered to the Sari Court of Justice - Sari, Iran December 3, 1993
  14. ^ Latter-day Saint (Mormon) character in "Panther" (1997) (Eldridge Cleaver, Latter-day Saint)
  15. ^ John Clark Hammerback and Richard J. Jensen. "From Muslim to Mormon: Eldridge Cleaver's Rhetorical Crusade," Communication Quarterly, 34 (Winter 1986), 24-40.
  16. ^ Diplomats Concerned About Killing of Iranian Pastor
  17. ^ I Love Jeddah in the Springtime Time magazine
  18. ^ Islam, the West and the need for honesty
  19. ^ Against the Tides in the Middle East, International Academic Centre for Muslim Evangelism in South Africa, 1997 (published under the name "Mustafa").
  20. ^ Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila
  21. ^ Akbar Gbaja-Biamila Keeps the Faith - ("In college, Akbar converted to Christianity, while his father remains a Muslim.")
  22. ^ (Russian) Alexander Kazembek: Light from the East by Alexei Pylev. 13 April 2003. Retrieved 9 October 2006
  23. ^ Kabeer Gbaja-Biamila
  24. ^ Qadry Ismail's bio on TheGoal.com
  25. ^ Article on Raghib Ismail: Rocket shows strong path
  26. ^ Djibril Cisse - Biography "Cisse, originally a Muslim converted to Christianity."
  27. ^ Faith in Sports
  28. ^ Time Magazine
  29. ^ a b http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9002423/Carlos-Menem Encyclopedia Britannica- Carlos Menem]
  30. ^ Flight from Iran
  31. ^ You quizzed George Weah - BBC.com
  32. ^ Egypt The Muhammed Ali dynasty
  33. ^ Egypt
  34. ^ a b Article about Kusturica's religion on pionirovglasnik.com
  35. ^ Beyaz: Tuğçe Kazaz şehadet getirsin
  36. ^ The Indian Mutiny and the British Imagination by Gautam Chakravarty · Cambridge, 242 pp ISBN 0521832748
  37. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=21687
  38. ^ Okanla, Karim. "Benin's 'magical' leader", BBC news, Wednesday, 20 August, 2003. 
  39. ^ Emily Ruete, (1888): Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar
  40. ^ Emily Ruete, Ulrich Haarmann (Editor), E. Van Donzel (Editor), Leiden, Netherlands, (1992): An Arabian Princess Between Two Worlds: Memoirs, Letters Home, Sequels to the Memoirs, Syrian Customs and Usages. Presents the reader with a picture of life in Zanzibar between 1850 - 1865, and with an intelligent observer's reactions to life in Germany in the Bismarck period. Emily Ruete's writings describe her attempts to recover her Zanzibar inheritance and her homesickness. ISBN 90-04-09615-9
  41. ^ Publisher's review for Memoirs of an Arabian Princess from Zanzibar - ("Despite strictures confining Islamic women, she trysted with a German who is thought to have impregnated her, fled to Germany where she converted to Christianity")
  42. ^ Orthodox Holiness: Two Turkish Saints
  43. ^ News of Kusturica's baptism on passagen.se
  44. ^ Amazon.com: Inside Islam: A Guide for Catholics: Books: Daniel Ali,Robert Spencer
  45. ^ [http://www.washingtontimes.com/culture/20031201-091332-2655r.htm
  46. ^ Massie, Robert K. (1981). Peter the Great. Soviet Union: Ballantine Books, 469. ISBN 0345298063. 
  47. ^ Damien Simonis, Sarah Andrews, Spain, Lonely Planet, 2005, ISBN 1740597001, Google Print, pp. 743.
  48. ^ Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain
  49. ^ Biography of Johannes Aveteranian
  50. ^ Hamid Pourmand: Imprisonment due to religious belief
  51. ^ Donald Fareed's testimony on the Persian ministries website
  52. ^ Prison Radicalization: Are Terrorist Cells Forming in U.S. Cell Blocks? Government testimony (PDF)
  53. ^ Daveed Gartenstein-Ross biography on his website
  54. ^ Former terrorist trades weapons for olive branch
  55. ^ CBC Radio | The Current | Whole Show Blow-by-Blow
  56. ^ Malika Oufkir: the American Making of a Moroccan Star
  57. ^ a b Catholic Online (December 10, 2007). Did Ramzi Yousef Really Convert to Christianity? (HTML). Catholic Online. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
  58. ^ a b 60 minutes (December 10, 2007). Supermax: A Clean Version Of Hell (HTML). 60 minutes. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
  59. ^ Ruffa Gutierrez reaffirms her Christian faith
  60. ^ Majumdar, Margaret (2002). Francophone Studies: The Essential Glossary. United States of America: Oxford University Press, 4. ISBN 0340806966. 
  61. ^ Heirs of the Prophets: An account of the clergy and Priests of Islam, Samuel Marinus Zwemer, Moody press, 1946, p. 127 - "There are some examples which could easily be multiplied. Dr. Imad-ud-Din was a leading sufi and theologian in the Punjaub. He was appointed to preach against Dr. Pfander in the royal mosque at Agra; he read the Scriptures, believed and was baptised, and with another great theologian and sufi, Safdar Ali, became a missionary to his people. Afterwards he received a doctorate from Oxford University. His baptism took place New Year's Day, 1868, together with his aged father and brother. Other distinguished converts in the Punjab, such as Imam Shah, were also from the clergy."
  62. ^ Cryer, Neville Barker (1979). Bibles Across the World. United States of America: Mowbrays, 94. ISBN 0264664175. 
  63. ^ TURKEY: CONVERTS SUBJECTED TO OFFICIAL HARASSMENT
  64. ^ Threats force Egyptian convert to hide, MAGGIE MICHAEL, Associated Press Writer Sat Aug 11, [2]
  65. ^ Beale, Lewis. "Precious Freedom. USA Weekend Magazine. November 9, 2003.
  66. ^ In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan: Being the Record of Three Years' Exploration, Henry Hugh Peter Deasy, pg. 284
  67. ^ Gulshan Esther, Alistair Mark Dean, Thelma Sangster, The Torn Veil: The Best-selling Story of Gulshan Esther, Zondervan (1992), pg.46, ISBN 055101153X
  68. ^ Marriages of the Holy Prophet
  69. ^ The Human Side In The Hajjah Of The Messenger of Allah
  70. ^ Constantine the African
  71. ^ Constantine the African, or Constantinus Africanus (medieval medical scholar)
  72. ^ Estevanico (aka Estevan, Esteban, Estebanico, Black Stephen, Stephen the Moor)
  73. ^ Michael Walsh, A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West, Liturgical Press, 2007, ISBN 081463186X, Google Print, p. 3.
  74. ^ Holweck, F. G. (1924). A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints. St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 84. 
  75. ^ Is the 'prosperity gospel' prospering?
  76. ^ Petre, Jonathan (2005-10-08). 'Wealth' church leader practised what he preached. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2007-08-04. “the charismatic Mr Ashimolowo, a Nigerian-born convert from Islam”
  77. ^ Istoria şi tradiţiile minorităţii rromani, p.28, 2005, Sigma, Bucharest, Delia Grigore, Petre Petcuţ and Mariana Sandu - "Born to a Rom Muslim slave father and a free Romanian Christian mother, Razvan converted to Christianity, thereby, attracting the wrath of the Ottomans."
  78. ^ Vickers (2005), page 86
  79. ^ Benin's new president announced
  80. ^ A History of Orthodox Missions Among the Muslims. Yurij Maximov, Russian author and religious studies teacher in the Religious Studies at the Moscow Orthodox Seminary. Retrieved on 2007-08-17.
  81. ^ Joseph Patrich, The Sabaite Heritage in the Orthodox Church, Peeters Publishers, 2001, ISBN 9042909765, Google Print, p. 157.
  82. ^ L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614: 1500 to 1614, University of Chicago Press, 2005, ISBN 0226319636, M1 Google Print, pp. 223Various Christian sources including the Christian historian, Marmol claim that with his dying breath Aben Humeya declared himself a Christian and said that what he had done was in the prosecution of a family feud.
  83. ^ The Kurdish Minority Problem, p.11, Dec. 1948, ORE 71-48, CIA "The first of the major Barzani revolts took place in 1931 after Sheikh Ahmed Barzani, one of the most prominent Kurdish leaders in Iraqi Kurdistan, announced his conversion to Christianity and succeeded in defeating a number of other Kurdish tribes as well as regular Iraqi troops." [3].
  84. ^ Schwaner, Birgit (2007-06-01). Der Abenteurer aus Ober St. Veit (German). Weiner Zeitung. Retrieved on 2008-01-19. “"He was absolved by the Pope for his conversion, which he reversed"”
  85. ^ Hussein Fardust, The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty:, Motilal Banarsidass, 1999, ISBN 8120816420, Google Print, pp. 122–123.
  86. ^ Saye Zerbo, président of the republic from 1980 to 1982 (article in French) "At once stopped, Saye Zerbo is thrown in prison. Since his imprisonment, the deposed president contemplates and reads the Qu'ran through whole nights. He also asks so that the Bible be brought to him that the archbishop of Ouagadougou, the cardinal Paul Zoungrana, had offered to him at the time of first Christmas following his takeover. At this point in time it will have the revelation which will change its life. In a mystical dash, Saye Zerbo is brought to his knees, returns thanks to God and converts to Christianity. His entire family will do the same thing thereafter."
  87. ^ Iranian Muslim converts to Judaism
  88. ^ a b Balyuzi, H.M. (1985). Eminent Bahá'ís in the time of Bahá'u'lláh. The Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton, pp. 270-271. ISBN 0853981523. 
  89. ^ Momen, Moojan (2002-03-04). Abu'l-Fadl Gulpaygani, Mirza. Retrieved on 2007-02-19.
  90. ^ `Abdu'l-Bahá [1915] (1997). Memorials of the Faithful, Softcover, Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0877432422. 
  91. ^ a b c d e f Balyuzi, H.M. (1985). Eminent Bahá'ís in the time of Bahá'u'lláh. The Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton, pp. 268-270. ISBN 0853981523. 
  92. ^ a b Interview with Rushdie by Gigi Marzullo; Sottovoce, RAIUNO, March 31, 2006.
  93. ^ a b A New Brand of Nonbelievers
  94. ^ Dutch article link: 'Ik geloof niet meer'
  95. ^ Comoros & Mayotte
  96. ^ Aziz Nesin of Turkey Dies at 80; Writer Escaped Militants' Arson
  97. ^ John Carlin. "Zackie's story: The man who took on Mbeki - and won", The Independent, 2005-08-05. Retrieved on 2007-08-27. "A homosexual, an atheist, and a militant anti-apartheid campaigner whose political ideas were forged on an intense reading of Marx, Lenin, and Trotsky..." 
  98. ^ Dr. Humayun Azad laid to rest
  99. ^ Bangladesh: Protecting the Human Rights of Thought, Conscience, and Religion: U.A.B. Razia Akter Banu Prepared Testimony - ("Dr. Azad is a Muslim by birth and by name ... He is an atheist.")
  100. ^ Turan Dursun Website
  101. ^ Kamm, Henry (1993, June 10). 'Hallelujah' is heard in the arch-atheist's temple. The New York Times (Late Edition (East Coast)), p. A4. Retrieved August 27, 2007, from National Newspaper Abstracts
  102. ^ The Angry Arab News Service comments from her blog
  103. ^ Between disparate worlds: On California State University professor As'ad AbuKhalil (1: "...who is also an atheist..." 2: "My Sunni family of my mother taught me how to pray")
  104. ^ Freethought Traditions in the Islamic World by Fred Whitehead
  105. ^ Sarmad, the mystic poet
  106. ^ Hazrat Sarmad Shaheed: The Naked Sufi Martyr
  107. ^ interview with Lounès Matoub
  108. ^ Barack Obama. "My Spiritual Journey", TIME, October 23, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-02-18. 
  109. ^ Europe since 1945: An encyclopedia, Bernard A Cook, Taylor & Francis, 2001, ISBN 0815340575, p. 31
  110. ^ [http://www.mail-archive.com/sacw@insaf.net/msg00495.html Pakistan: Appeasing the Mullahs]
  111. ^ The Communalisation of Kargil
  112. ^ Kranenberg, Annieke (2007-08-11). ‘Als dit niet werkt, beledig ik Wilders wel’ (Dutch). De Volkskrant. Retrieved on 2008-05-09. Quote: (Translation) “In interviews he calls himself an atheist, but until now he has been left alone by beardmonkeys (referring to Muslims). Perhaps I have to make myself heard just a little bit better, I should be more explicit in my aversion to Islam and religion in general.” (Dutch) “In interviews noemt hij zichzelf atheïst, maar tot nog toe ‘ben ik ongemoeid gelaten door de baardapen. Misschien moet ik een hardere toon aanslaan en wat explicieter zijn in mijn afkeer van de islam en religies in het algemeen.’”
  113. ^ Humanistische Omroep, Link to video interview with Hafid Bouazza Quote: (Translation) “Believers live behind a fence, and non-believers live in a pasture and they know there are believers out there behind the fence.” “It [religion] is a matter of conditioning, of brainwashing.” “I know that when I die, it's over with me.” (Dutch) “Gelovigen leven achter een hek, en ongelovigen in een weiland, waarin ze weten dat er gelovigen zijn die achter hekken wonen.” “Het [religie] is een kwestie van conditionering, van hersenspoeling” “Ik weet dat het moment dat ik ter aarde word besteld, dat het afgelopen is met mij.”
  114. ^ Verdonschot, Leon (2008-05-08). "Ik kan niet leven zonder roes." Interview met Hafid Baouzza, gepubliceerd in Dif nr.1 (Dutch). Leonverdonschot.nl. Retrieved on 2008-05-09. Quote: (Translation) “Look, I'm an atheist. I believe God does not exist, I do not believe in an afterlife. How terrible it may be: Hitler isn't in hell getting pinched in his ass with a trident. I'm fine with he fact there are people who do believe that and get comfort from it, like my mother. I just hope the influence of religion on policy makers will diminish, because my freedom is precious to me.” (Dutch) “Kijk, ik ben atheïst. Ik geloof niet dat God bestaat, ik geloof niet dat er een hiernamaals is. Hoe gruwelijk ook: Hitler wordt op dit moment niet in de hel met een drietand in zijn reet geprikt. Dat er mensen zijn dat dat wél geloven en daar troost uit putten, mensen als mijn moeder: prima. Als de invloed van religies op beleidsmakers maar steeds kleiner wordt, want mijn vrijheid is me dierbaar.”
  115. ^ Muslim Identity and the Balkan State,Hugh Poulton, Suha Taji-Farouki, 1997, ISBN 1850652767, google print p. 133.
  116. ^ Interview: Omar Sharif (English translation) - El Mundo on 2002.
  117. ^ a b "Warraq, 60, describes himself now as an agnostic..." Dissident voices, World Magazine, June 16, 2007, Vol. 22, No. 22.
  118. ^ Shissler, A. Holly (2003). Between Two Empires: Ahmet Agaoglu and the New Turkey. I.B. Tauris, 104. ISBN 186064855X. 
  119. ^ Six Degrees of Barack Obama
  120. ^ Time Magazine- Interview with Wafa Sultan
  121. ^ There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st century Feb. 2006
  122. ^ "Founder of ex-Muslim group threatened", United Press International, February 23, 2007. 
  123. ^ It's time to take a stand against Islam and Sharia
  124. ^ The Rushdie Affair: The Novel, the Ayatollah, and the West by Daniel Pipes, Pg. 283
  125. ^ Ninety and spunky
  126. ^ a b [http://taslimanasrin.com/index2.html Taslima Nasrin's homepage
  127. ^ Younus Shaikh- short biography
  128. ^ On Ibn al-Rawandi, from the Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1971, Volume 3, E J Brill, Leiden, p 905
  129. ^ Cricinfo Profile Retrieved 20-12-2006.
  130. ^ "Syariah Court Decides Nyonya Tahir Not A Muslim", Bernama, 2006-01-23. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. 
  131. ^ a b Watching 'Gandhi my Father' was painful: Tushar
  132. ^ Unveiling the mystique of a reclusive artiste The Hindu - June 28, 2006
  133. ^ Daddy in jail, Mummy seeks votes for both - Indian express
  134. ^ a b Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003. ISBN 8121901537
  135. ^ Haridasa Thakura
  136. ^ Muslim scholar embraces Hinduism The Tribune, Chandigarh - April 7, 2000
  137. ^ Five bombers were prepared to die Sunday Morning Telegraph - May 25, 2003
  138. ^ XVII. Economic and Social Developments under the Mughals Columbia University
  139. ^ Hindu-Muslim love gets HC's blessing Times of India - April 12, 2007
  140. ^ Kuldip Manak: The Official Artist Page at desihits.com
  141. ^ a b Dīn-i Ilāhī
  142. ^ U of Massachusetts
  143. ^ Rare Literary Gems: The Works of Kabir and Premchand at CRL
  144. ^ The songs of Kabir
  145. ^ A short biography of Musaylimah "He was one of those persons, who came to Madina in the tenth year of migration and embraced Islam. However, after his return to his birthplace he himself claimed to be a prophet and some simple-minded and also some fanatical persons responded to his call".
  146. ^ Shoghi Effendi, introduction to The Dawn-breakers, p. xxx.
  147. ^ Cult Fighting in Middle Georgia
  148. ^ a b Darabi, Parvin Rage Against the Veil: The Courageous Life and Death of an Islamic Dissident ISBN 1-57392-682-5
  149. ^ Duran, KhalidChildren of Abraham : An Introduction to Islam for Jews Ktav Publishing House ISBN 0881257249
  150. ^ Wesley Snipes, Hollywood's hottest new star talks about: his divorce, his days on the streets and why he doesn't have 'jungle fever. Ebony Magazine. Sept, 1991 by Laura B. Randolph
  151. ^ David Hicks: 'Australian Taleban'
  152. ^ Hicks drops Islamic faith


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