I before E except after C
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"I before e, except after c" is a mnemonic device used to help many students remember how to spell certain words in the English language. It means that, in words where i and e fall together, the order is ie, except directly following c, when it is ei. For example:
- ie in words like siege, friend
- ei in words like ceiling, receive
However, in its short form the rule has many common exceptions, such as species, science, sufficient (where ie follows c) or seize, weird, sovereignty, vein, feisty, kaleidoscope and neighbor (where ei is not preceded by c). More exceptions are listed below. Various augmentations to the rhyme have been proposed to handle these exceptions.
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[edit] American version
An augmented American version is:
- i before e
- except after c
- or when sounding like "a"
- as in neighbor or weigh
There is also a more sarcastic version, which points out a couple of exceptions:
- i before e
- except after c
- we live in a weird society.
[edit] British version
A British version is:
- when the sound is ee
- it's i before e
- except after c
(Here ee is [iː].) This excludes most exceptions, as well as excluding some words (e.g. friend) which are correctly handled by the American version. The most frequent everyday failures of the British form of the rule are seize, caffeine, protein (here -ein(e) was originally pronounced [iː.ɪn]) and, for those who pronounce the initial vowel sound [iː], either and neither. Weird and weir are often listed as exceptions, though the pronunciation of -eir in Received Pronunciation is [ɪə(ɹ)] rather than [iː(ɹ)]. Inflections of words ending -cy (fancied, policies etc.) are exceptions for those with happY tensing accents, who pronounce the -cies/-cied endings [siz]/[sid]/rather than [sɪz]/[sɪd].
Few common words have the cei spelling handled by the rule: verbs ending -ceive and their derivatives (perceive, deceit, transceiver, receipts, etc), and ceiling. Many words spelled with ei are pronounced [iː] in America but not Britain (e.g. sheikh, leisure, either have [eɪ], [ɛ], [aɪ] respectively). In these cases, the British pronunciation is a corollary of the British rule (i.e. when spelt ei, the pronunciation cannot be [iː]).
[edit] Exceptions
This section lists exceptions to the basic form; many will not be exceptions to the augmented forms. The word oneiromancies (studies into the meaning of dreams) breaks the rule twice, in both ways. The words deficiencies, efficiencies, sufficiencies, zeitgeist and einsteinium break the rule twice in the same way.
Another mnemonic device that takes the form of a non-rhyming sentence has been used to help students remember a list of common exceptions to the rule: "Let neither financier inveigle the sheikh into seizing either species of weird leisure." This sentence contains both "ie after c" exceptions and "e before i" exceptions.
[edit] cie
Some groups of words have cie:
- Inflections of words ending -cy (fancied, policies, etc.)
- science and related words (conscience, prescient, etc.)
- Other words ending -cient -ciency (ancient, efficiency, etc.)
- Suffixes -ier or -iety after a root ending in -c (financier, glacier, society, etc.)
[edit] ei not preceded by c
Some groups of words have ei:
- Chemical names ending in -ein or -eine (caffeine, casein, codeine, phenolphthalein, phthalein, protein, etc.)
- Many proper names (Keira, Breidi, Keith, Leith, Neilla, Sheila, etc.)
- Scottish English words (deil, deid, weill, etc.)
- Prefixes de- or re- before words starting with i (deindustrialize, reignite, etc.)
- Inflection -ing after verbs those ending in e which do not drop the e (being, seeing, swingeing, etc.)
Miscellaneous others: in the following lists, words are grouped by the sound corresponding to ei in the spelling. An asterisk* after a word indicates the pronunciation implied is one of several found. Most derived forms are omitted; for example, as well as seize, there exists disseize and seizure.
- [eɪ]
- these exceptions are excluded by the American version: beige, cleidoic, deign, dreidel, eight, feign, feint, freight, geisha, gleization, gneiss, greige, greisen, heigh-ho*, heinous*, inveigle*, neigh, neighbo(u)r, obeisance*, peignoir*, reign, rein, seiche, seidel, seine, sheikh*, sleigh, surveillance, veil, vein, weigh
- eir as [ɛɹ] (rhotic) or [ɛə(ɹ)] (non-rhotic)
- these exceptions are excluded by the American version: heir, their
- [i]
- these exceptions are the only ones that slip through the strictest interpretation of the British version: either*, heinous*, inveigle*, keister, leisure*, monteith, neither*, obeisance*, seize, seizin, sheikh*, specie, teiid
- [i] or [ɪ], depending on happy tensing
- these exceptions may slip through the British version: species
- eir as [ɪɹ] (rhotic) or [ɪə(ɹ)] (non-rhotic)
- these exceptions may slip through the British version: weir, weird
- [aɪ]
- eider, either*, einsteinium, feisty, heigh-ho*, height, heist, kaleidoscope, leitmotiv, neither*, Rotweiller, seismic, stein, zeitgeist
- [ɪ]
- counterfeit, forfeit, surfeit
- [ɪ] or [ə], depending on weak vowel merger
- foreign, reveille*, sovereign
- [ɛ]
- heifer, leisure*, peignoir*
- [æ]
- reveille*
- e and i in separate segments
- albeit, atheism, deify, deity, onomatopoeia
[edit] Some Confusion
Confusion has existed for some students due in part to the similar sound that the words 'except' and 'accept' make in the English language. When introducing this mnemonic device to students for the first time, be careful to distinguish "I before E 'except' after C" as opposed to "I before E 'accept' after C".
[edit] Cultural references
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Trivia sections are discouraged under Wikipedia guidelines. The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones. |
"I Before E Except After C" was a song Charlie Brown and Linus sing, with Snoopy playing a jaw harp, to prepare Charlie for his school's spelling bee in A Boy Named Charlie Brown. The song covered several other spelling rules, e.g., words ending in -cede, -ceed and -sede.
The "I before E" rule was debated in a Canadian TV commercial for the Hyundai Santa Fe.
Brian Regan mentions the rule in his observational humor. When asked what the "I before E rule" is, he jokingly responds "I before E...always." His teacher then corrects him with a rule that makes about as much sense as the real rule: "I before e except after c, or when sounding like ay as in neighbor or weigh, and on weekends, and holidays, and all throughout May, and you'll always be wrong, no matter what you say!" Regan responds with a simple, "Oh. That's a hard rule."
In The Simpsons episode "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can", Marge and Lisa discuss the rule:
- Marge: Remember: "I before E except after C."
- Lisa: Except as an A as in "neighbor" and "weigh".
- Marge: What about "Jim Nabors is way cool?"
- Lisa: When will that ever come up?
- Marge: It's on my apron!
In the TaleSpin episode "Vowel Play", Baloo and Kit were skywriting the word "weight" but misspelled it because Kit used the rhyme "I before E except after C". Afterwards, Kit realized his mistake when he remembered the rest of the rhyme, "...and when sounding like A as in 'neighbor' or 'weigh'".
In a recent broadcast of David Letterman Show, Jim Carrey made an impression of David Caruso as an English teacher, referencing the rule.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- alt.english.usage: A British defence of the mnemonic from the newsgroup's FAQ
- alt.english.usage: An American critique of the mnemonic
- "i before e" Spelling Rule, Examples, & Quiz
- Some analysis of usage on the language log
- Rule, and a list of exceptions, and an amended rule
- "I Before E, if Taken with Caffeine", poem by Jef Raskin
- "I before E when it wants to be", poem by Daniel Reeves
