Harvey Milk

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Harvey Milk
American politician and LGBT rights activist
San Francisco Supervisor
In office 8 January 1978 – 27 November 1978
Preceded by	n/a
Succeeded by	Harry Britt (appointed)
Constituency	The Castro, LGBT people, Labor unions
Born	May 22, 1930(1930-05-22) Woodmere, New York
Died	November 27, 1978 (aged 48) San Francisco, California
Nationality	American
Political party	Democratic
Relations	Scott Smith
Residence	San Francisco, California
Alma mater	University at Albany
Religion	Jewish

Harvey Bernard Milk (22 May 1930 – 27 November 1978) was an American politician and gay rights activist, and the first openly gay city supervisor of San Francisco, California. He was, according to Time magazine, "the first openly gay man elected to any substantial political office in the history of the planet".

As the self-described "Mayor of Castro Street" he was active during a time of substantial change in San Francisco politics and increasing visibility of gay and lesbian people in American society. He was assassinated in 1978, along with Mayor George Moscone, by then recently-resigned city supervisor Dan White, whose relatively mild sentence for the murders led to the White Night Riots and eventually the abolition of diminished capacity defense in California.

Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Public office 1.3 The Peoples Temple 1.4 Assassinations 1.4.1 Trial 1.4.2 White Night Riots 1.4.3 Diminished capacity abolished 2 Legacy 3 Depictions 4 Controversy 4.1 The outing of Sipple 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early life

Milk was born in Woodmere, New York, where his grandfather, Morris Milk, was the owner and namesake of Milk's Department Store. As an adolescent, he was nicknamed "Glimpy" due to his large ears, nose, and feet. He graduated from Bay Shore High School, Bay Shore, NY in 1947, graduated from University at Albany in 1951 and then joined the United States Navy. He was honorably discharged, although he later told voters in campaigns that he was a victim of one of the many anti-gay purges of the armed services.

Following his service in the Navy, Milk lived for a time in Dallas, Texas. Eventually he relocated to New York City and took a job on Wall Street. He also became involved in theater, serving as assistant director alongside Tom O'Horgan for a number of plays including Lenny and the musical Jesus Christ Superstar.

In 1972, Milk moved to San Francisco. He settled with his partner Scott Smith and opened a camera store, Castro Camera, in the Castro gay village. He emerged as a community leader, founding the Castro Valley Association of local merchants, and represented the neighborhood businesses in dealing with the city government.

[edit] Public office

Milk had two unsuccessful bids for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, in both 1973 and 1975. He emerged as a figurehead for San Francisco's large gay community, and was known as the "Mayor of Castro Street". With each campaign, he garnered a larger number of supporters. Milk was successful in reaching out and making alliances among the city's ethnic populations and among labor union leaders, but not among the rank and file San Francisco Democratic Party members. 1975 was a "watershed" year in San Francisco politics with Mayor Joseph Alioto being termed out of office with George Moscone emerging as the leading liberal mayoral candidate.^[1] In the citywide elections Milk emerged as a strong supervisor candidate because of his tireless campaigning and willingness to use the media to keep his name in front of potential voters. Moscone won his campaign to be mayor and credited LGBT people for the win, Milk nearly won coming in seventh - with 17,000 votes - for the six-person board.^[2][3] Moscone appointed Milk to the Board of Permit Appeals thereby making Milk "the city's principal - if not yet elected - gay politician".^[2]

In 1976, Milk built a coalition of labor unions and neighborhood groups to replace the citywide elections with district elections, the initiative was placed on the November 1976 ballot with the new mayor Moscone campaigning in support helping it win voter approval.^[2] Milk also started another campaign, hoping to capitalize on his name recognition, this time in the 1976 race for the California State Assembly against Art Agnos, who would win the seat by 3,600 votes out of 33,000 ballots cast. Amongst Milk's supporters was the controversial religious and political figure Jim Jones, who is best known for the Peoples Temple church he headed and the Jonestown mass suicide that he orchestrated after the group relocated to northwestern Guyana. Jones had been appointed Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Commission after the participation of the Peoples Temple was instrumental in the 1975 election victory of mayor Moscone, the charismatic minister could direct, from the Peoples Temple, "hundreds of volunteers who could work tirelessly for the candidates of his choosing".^[4][1] Milk, like Moscone and Milk's opponent in the same race, Agnos, had help from their volunteers in his campaigns.^[5]

Effective with the 1977 city elections, the switch to district elections ushered in the most diverse Board of Supervisors the city had ever seen. Milk was the first openly gay elected official of any large city in the United States, and only the third openly gay elected official in all of the United States, after Kathy Kozachenko and Elaine Noble. Milk represented District 5, which included the Castro.

The diverse board included the former police officer and firefighter Dan White as well as the gay and liberal Milk. White had to resign from being a firefighter as San Francisco charter barred people from holding two city jobs at the same time so he took up a second job to supplement the pay downgrade, running a restaurant business, which failed.^[6] White, a Roman Catholic^[7] and outspoken anti-gay conservative,^[8] who was elected with strong support from the city's police union in part to fight "official tolerance of crime and of overt homosexuality"^[9] was counterpoint to Milk, an outspoken liberal who "frequently opposed him on the board."^[10]

Milk, along with legal assistant Sally Gearhart, became highly visible in the media debating California Senator John Briggs throughout the state on Proposition 6, The Briggs Initiative, to "prohibit homosexuals from teaching in California public schools,"^[11] a topic on which White and Milk "were sharply divided"^[12] because it would have empowered California school boards to fire teachers that "practiced, advocated, or indicated an acceptance of homosexuality."^[13]

Milk also sponsored a pooper-scooper ordinance and a San Francisco law barring "anti-gay discrimination" in the workplace which passed^[14] the same time the Briggs Initiative failed. Days later White resigned his city supervisor seat, citing too little salary to support his family and that he was "unhappy with the ethics he found in the political world."^[9] White's supporters convinced him to rescind his resignation but he was denied by the "liberal-leaning" Mayor Moscone largely at the urging of Milk, who advised Moscone to use the opportunity to get a liberal majority on the Board. Milk and Moscone were friends and Milk reminded Moscone that the mayor's re-election would be difficult without the gay vote and that many of Moscone's proposals had been defeated because of the conservative majority.^[15]

[edit] The Peoples Temple

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Milk was a supporter of controversial political figure Jim Jones, who had been appointed Chairman of the San Francisco Housing Commission after the participation of the Peoples Temple (headed by Jones) was instrumental in the 1975 Mayoral election victory of George Moscone.^[16] Milk was not a member of the Temple, but supported effective remedies the Temple had taken addressing various social problems.^[17] As well, Jones himself was bisexual^[18] and had supported politicians under attack for LGBT-related issues.^[19] Like Moscone, Milk received help from Peoples Temple member volunteers in his campaigns.^[20] After Jones came under fire, Milk wrote Jones a handwritten note stating "my name is cut into stone in support of you - and your people."^[20] Milk spoke at political rallies at the Peoples Temple.^[21] Following a visit to the Peoples Temple, Milk wrote to Jones stating that he there found a sense of being making up for all the hours and energy placed in a fight and that he can never leave.^[22] After Jones fled to Guyana in August of 1977 following accusations of criminal wrongdoing, Milk attended a rally for the Peoples Temple with Art Agnos.^[23]

Amidst pressure in the United States to investigate the Temple, on February 19, 1978, Milk wrote a letter of support for the Peoples Temple to President Jimmy Carter.^[17] Therein, Milk wrote that Jones was known "as a man of the highest character."^[17] Regarding defecting Temple members pressing for an investigation of the Peoples Temple, Milk wrote "they are attempting to damage Rev. Jones reputation" with "apparent bold-faced lies."^[17]

Milk is cited in Randy Shilts The Mayor Of Castro Street as having called Jim Jones dangerous.

[edit] Assassinations

Main article: Moscone-Milk assassinations

The morning that Moscone was to announce his replacement for Dan White both he and Supervisor Milk were assassinated by White who had entered San Francisco City Hall through an unlocked window to avoid detection of his police revolver; after a loud argument he shot Moscone at close range, reloaded and went down the hall to kill Milk delivering a coup de grâce to each victim. White quickly left the scene and met his wife at nearby Saint Mary's Cathedral^[24] the principal church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco and within hours he turned himself in at the police station where he was formerly a police officer.^[25] Though he had carried a gun, 10 extra rounds, and crawled through a window into City Hall to avoid security's metal detectors, White denied premeditation.

Thousands from Milk's District and all over the city attended a spontaneous candlelight memorial march from the Castro towards City Hall plaza, noted speakers included folk singer Joan Baez. (The Internet Archive has video of the vigil, accompanied by a message Milk recorded preemptively "to be played only in the event of [his] death by assassination".) Milk had anticipated the possibility of assassination and had recorded several audio tapes to be played in that event. One of the tapes included his now-famous quote,

“

If a bullet should enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door.

”

[edit] Trial

Dan White's trial, which began four months after the killings, was one of the most closely watched trials in California at that time. During jury selection, defense attorneys had excluded candidates they deemed "remotely pro-gay"^[8] and "filled" it instead with "white conservative Catholics, half of them from White’s district".^[25] The prosecution claimed that White's motive was revenge. But White's attorney, Douglas Schmidt, claimed that White was a victim of pressure and had been depressed, a state exacerbated by his consuming a large quantity of junk food before the murders; this became known as the "Twinkie defense". Schmidt also told the jury and the press that White carried the ammunition on him out of impulse from his past experience as a police officer.

Finally, the jury heard what the prosecution hoped would be its most damaging piece of evidence—Dan White's tape-recorded confession which was taped the day after the murders. What was notable about this confession was that the police didn't seem to ask White any questions about the crime and just let him talk. Instead, White tearfully talked of how Moscone and Milk refused to give him his supervisor's job back.

White was convicted of voluntary manslaughter on the grounds of diminished capacity and sentenced to seven years and eight months with parole.

White's former campaign manager and business partner, Ray Sloan, suggests that instead of homophobia, White was mostly motivated by revenge for perceived political betrayal.^[25]

[edit] White Night Riots

Further information: White Night Riots

After the sentence, the local gay community erupted in what came to be known as the White Night Riots. As soon as the sentence was announced, word ran through the gay community and groups of people began walking quickly to the Civic Center where City Hall was located. By 8:00 PM, a sizable crowd had formed. According to the documentary, The Times of Harvey Milk, the enraged crowd began screaming at police officers calling for revenge and death. Then riots began to break out with the mob setting ablaze a number of police vehicles, disrupting traffic, and smashing windows of cars and stores. Buses were disabled by their overhead wires being ripped down, and violence broke out against the outnumbered police officers.

Later that night, in what was widely regarded as a retaliatory strike, a police riot took place in the gay Castro neighborhood half a block from Milk's camera shop and campaign office.^[26] After order was restored at City Hall a number of SFPD cars with dozens of officers headed into the Castro District.^[27] Police marched into a bar called the Elephant Walk, smashed fixtures and attacked patrons.^[26] A civil grand jury, convened to find out who ordered the attack, ended inconclusively with a settlement covering personal injury claims and damages.^[26][27] More than 160 people were hospitalized because of the rioting.

[edit] Diminished capacity abolished

Further information: Diminished responsibility

As a result of the White case, diminished capacity was abolished in 1982 by Proposition 8 and the California legislature, and replaced by "diminished actuality", referring not to the capacity to have a specific intent but to whether a defendant actually had a required intent to commit the crime with which he was charged.^[28] By this time the "Twinkie defense" had become such a common referent that one participant waved a Twinkie in the air to make his point.^[29] Additionally, California's statutory definitions of premeditation and malice required for murder were eliminated with a return to common law definitions. Twinkie defense was described in detail in Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. Woodall, 304 F.Supp.2d 1364, 1377 n. 7 (S.D.Ga. 2003).

[edit] Legacy

Harvey Milk was named in the "Heroes & Icons" section of Time magazine's Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century. Many institutions and organizations are named for Milk, including the Harvey Milk Recreational Arts Centre, Harvey Milk Civil Rights Academy, the Harvey Milk Institute, the Eureka Valley/Harvey Milk Memorial Branch Library,and the Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club in San Francisco.

Outside of San Francisco are a number of alternative schools named for Milk in the United States, including Harvey Milk High School in New York City. Oakes College at the University of California, Santa Cruz has an on-campus apartment building named Harvey Milk.

In February 2007, the city of San Francisco agreed to erect a bust of Harvey Milk in City Hall in tribute to his service and to memorialize his life's work. A lengthy process was conducted to choose a design and a gala installation event took place on May 22, 2008 to coincide with Milk's birthday. The bust, unveiled by an honor guard selected from gay youth, depicts a smiling Milk. On the pedestal are three bas reliefs: one of a Gay Pride Parade, another of Milk sitting on the roof of a car during a Gay Freedom Parade, and a third of Milk in his Navy uniform. It contains the inscription:

Harvey Bernard Milk
May 22, 1930
November 27, 1978
San Francisco Supervisor
Jan 9 – November 27, 1978
I ask for the Movement to continue because my election gave young people out there hope. You gotta give 'em hope.
Hope Speech 1978

In May 2008, the California State Assembly passed AB 2567, which would declare May 22nd "Harvey Milk Day". The California State Senate will likely pass the measure soon and the governor is expected to sign it into law.^[30]

[edit] Depictions

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In 1979, the new wave/electronic band Tuxedomoon released a song mocking the results of White's trial entitled "(Special Treatment For The) Family Man". The song is a part of their EP "Scream With A View" originally on Ralph Records. The assassination of Milk directly affected the band as they were based in San Francisco at the time and one of the founding members was openly gay.

Milk's political life is depicted in the 1984 Academy Award-winning documentary film, The Times of Harvey Milk, narrated by Harvey Fierstein. A 20th anniversary digitally remastered DVD of the documentary was released in 2004 and includes interviews with the film's director, Rob Epstein and Milk's openly gay nephew Stuart Milk,[2] among others.

In 1995 the opera Harvey Milk by composer Stewart Wallace and librettist Michael Korie was premiered by the Houston Grand Opera, and in 1996 it was recorded on CD under Donald Runnicles with the San Francisco Opera orchestra and chorus.

The 1999 TV film Execution of Justice based on the 1983 play (of the same title) written by Emily Mann reenacts the assassination.

In 2000 a TV film, American Justice: It's Not My Fault - Strange Defenses examined the assassination with archival footage of Milk and White.

In 2004, playwright and actor Jade Esteban Estrada portrays Milk in the solo musical comedy ICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World, Vol. 2.

Director Gus Van Sant's film titled Milk began filming on location in San Francisco in January 2008. It stars Sean Penn as Milk, Josh Brolin as White, Emile Hirsch as Cleve Jones, Victor Garber as Moscone, Lucas Grabeel as Danny Nicoletta and James Franco as Smith. Reportedly Tom Ammiano will portray himself.

Director Bryan Singer had also begun work on a project based on the Randy Shilts biography The Mayor of Castro Street.

[edit] Controversy

[edit] The outing of Sipple

On September 22, 1975 former marine Oliver Sipple saved the life of President Gerald Ford, for which he was highly praised by law enforcement and the media but only a personal letter from the President instead of a visit to the White House.^[31][32] Sipple, who was closeted in his hometown of Detroit had met Milk back in New York and had participated in San Francisco's gay pride parades and gay rights demonstrations.^[32][33] The incident came just three weeks after Lynette Fromme's assassination attempt on Ford so reporters hounded Sipple who at first didn't want his name used, nor his location known.^[32] Sipple had worked on Milk's campaign and the two were friends, Sipple would also be later described as a "prominent figure" in the gay community who had worked in a gay bar and was active in the Imperial Court System.^[34][35] Milk, however, reportedly outed Sipple as a "gay hero" to San Francisco Chronicle's columnist Herb Caen in hopes to "break the stereotype of homosexuals" of being "timid, weak and unheroic figures".^[33][34] Gay liberation groups petitioned local media to give Sipple his due as a gay hero. Caen published the private side of the former Marine's story, as did a handful of other publications.^[34] Sipple then insisted to reporters that his sexuality was to be kept confidential.^[32] Later, when Sipple hid in a friend's apartment to avoid them, the reporters turned to Milk, arguably the most visible voice for the gay community.^[32] The reporters had already labeled Sipple the "gay ex-Marine" and his conservative Baptist mother disparaged and disowned him when she found out about his sexuality.^[35] Milk's precise role in the outing remain somewhat cloudy as Sipple's active participation in the gay community suggests that his sexuality would have been revealed and reported even if doing so was seen as unethical.^[35]

[edit] See also

• List of assassinated American politicians
• Violence against LGBT people

[edit] References

[edit] Further reading

• Shilts, Randy, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. ISBN 0-312-01900-9
• Turner, Wallace, "San Francisco Mayor is Slain; City Supervisor Also Killed; Ex-Official Gives Up to Police." The New York Times. November 28, 1978. A1.
• Weiss, Mike Double Play: The San Francisco City Hall Killings. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1984. ISBN 0201095955

[edit] External links

• The James C. Hormel Gay & Lesbian Center at the San Francisco Public Library holds the Harvey Milk Archives - Scott Smith Collection.
• http://thecastro.net/milkpage.html Significant collection of photographs and Milk history.
• Time 100 - Harvey Milk
• Harvey Milk City Hall Memorial Organization dedicated to placing a bust of Harvey Milk in San Francisco's City Hall.
• Account of the White Night riots
• Harvey Milk Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Democratic Club
• Harvey Milk Opera
• Execution of Justice Showtime original movie about the events leading up to the November 27 assassinations.
• The Times of Harvey Milk - IMDB Entry
• The Forgotten Populist, Harvey Milk an analysis of Milk's politics and political philosophy
• The Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender Historical Society Holds artifacts of Milk, including the suit he was wearing when shot by Dan White
• The Harvey Milk Recreational Arts Centre in SF
• Eureka Valley/Harvey Milk Branch Library
• Harvey Milk Civil Rights Academy elementary school in SF
• Harvey Milk High School NYC
• "Uncle Donald's Castro Street" A long time Castro resident gives his account of the Riot and Police Assault on Castro street afterward
• "Picturing Harvey Milk" SF Chronicle January 30, 2008