Cable ferry
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A cable ferry or chain ferry is a means of water transportation by which a ferry or other boat is guided and in many cases propelled across a river or other larger body of water by means of cables or chains connected to both shores. Ferries of this type are also called punts, especially in Australian English, and in Africa they are often called pontoons, referring to the flat-bottomed type of vessel, but this is also used for ferries without chains and cables.
There are three types of cable ferry. One is the reaction ferry, which solely uses the power of the river to tack across the current; another is the powered cable ferry which uses an auto engine, diesel engine, or electric motors (like the Canby Ferry) to wind itself across the river. The third type, now fast disappearing, is the hand-operated type, such as the Stratford-upon-Avon Chain Ferry in the UK and the Saugatuck Chain Ferry in Michigan, USA.
Both of the last two types described here work on the principle of using powered cogs or drums on board the actual vessel to pull itself along by the cables. The cables or chains have a considerable amount of slack built into them, in order that they sink below the surface as the ferry moves away, thus allowing other vessels to pass without becoming grounded or trapped. Where a ferry carries both passengers and vehicles, the design is such that the car deck occupies the centre (helping to balance the vessel) and two passenger areas are built at the sides, over the tunnels for the chains and the engines. As the ferry cannot steer, a ramp is built at both ends, and there is usually a set of controls facing in either direction.
Early manifestations of cable ferries often used rope or steel chains, which were largely replaced by stronger and more durable wire cable by the late 19th century.
Ferries are common where there is little other water-borne traffic which could get snagged in the cable or chains, where the water may be too shallow for other options, or where the river current is too strong to permit the safe crossing of a ferry service not attached to the riverbanks. Alignment of the platform at each end of the journey is automatic and, especially for vehicle ferries, safer than a free-moving ferry might be in bad conditions.
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[edit] History
Cable ferries have probably been used to cross rivers and similar bodies of water since before recorded history. Examples of ferry routes using this technology are known to date back to the 13th century (Hampton Ferry in England).
Cable ferries were particularly prominent in the era of canals during the 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe and North America. Such devices allowed the transfer of canal barges continually from one canal to another across a river in the presence of a substantial transverse flow. A cable ferry across the Delaware River constructed in 1831 allowed large-scale the transportation of coal from the Lehigh Valley directly to New York City via the Morris Canal without reloading of the canal boats.
Cable ferries were also particularly prominent in early transportation in the Sacramento Delta of California. At one time, cable ferries were a primary means of automobile transportation in New South Wales in Australia. In Tasmania, for a century before 1934, the Risdon Punt at Hobart was the only fixed method of crossing the Derwent River within Hobart city limits.
In the early 1900s, an underwater cable ferry that William Pitt (Canada) designed was installed on the Kennebecasis River near Saint John, New Brunswick in Canada.[1] There are now eight cable ferries along the Saint John River system in southern New Brunswick.
Cable ferries continue to be useful means of water transportation in the 21st century. Most of the road crossings of the Murray River in South Australia are cable ferries operated by the state government. The cables are anchored to the shore at both ends, and the ferry propels itself along the cables by diesel engines pulling the cables. The platforms at the ends can be moved up or down according to the water level.
In Canada, a cable ferry is proposed to transport automobiles across the Ottawa River in Ontario. There are several in BC: two on the Fraser, one a Lytton, another at Big Bar. There are three more on Arrow Lakes. A suspended cable ferry worked until the 1980s in Boston Bar. A small seasonal cable ferry carries cars across the Rivière des Prairies from Laval, Quebec (Sainte-Dorothée neighbourhood) to Île Bizard (part of Montreal). Dozens of cable ferries operated on the Columbia River in the US northwest, though most have been rendered obsolete by bridges. A suspended cable ferry for railway cars worked the American River in Northern California.
In the fishing village of Tai O on Lantau Island, Hong Kong, a cable boat service (橫水渡) was available across the Tai O River, before a bascule bridge was built.
[edit] Worldwide
Current cable and chain ferries include the following.
[edit] Australia
- Wisemans Ferry across the Hawkesbury River in New South Wales
- Berowra Waters Ferry across Berowra Waters in New South Wales
- Mortlake Ferry across the Parramatta River in Sydney, New South Wales
- Twelve of the crossings listed in Murray River crossings are cable ferries
- A ferry across the Daintree River in Queensland
- Noosa River Ferry - Queensland
- Raymond Island Ferry from Paynesville to Raymond Island in Victoria
[edit] Canada
- Big Bar Ferry, across the Fraser River at Big Bar, British Columbia
- Low Bar Ferry, across the Fraser River at High Bar, British Columbia
- Lytton Ferry, across the Fraser River at Lytton, British Columbia
- Needles-Fauquier ferry, across Upper Arrow Lake in British Columbia
- Harrop Ferry across Kootenay Lake in British Columbia
- Bleriot Ferry, across the Red Deer River near Drumheller, Alberta
- Gagetown Ferry [1] across the St. John River in New Brunswick
- Hampstead Ferry [2]across the St. John River in New Brunswick
- Belleisle Bay Ferry [3]across Belleisle Bay in New Brunswick
- Evandale Ferry [4]across the St. John River in New Brunswick
- Westfield Ferries [5]across the St. John River in New Brunswick
- Kennebecasis Island Ferry [6]across the Kennebecasis River in New Brunswick
- Gondola Point Ferries [7] across the Kennebecasis River in New Brunswick
- LaHave Cable Ferry across the LaHave River in Nova Scotia
- Englishtown Ferry across the mouth of St. Anns Bay in Nova Scotia
- Little Narrows Cable Ferry across the Little Narrows of Whycocomagh Bay in Nova Scotia
- A very short seasonal cable ferry [8] operates in the summer between the City of Montreal, Quebec (Île Bizard) and Sainte-Dorothée on Île Jésus (Laval)
[edit] Finland
- Alassalmi Ferry across Alassalmi strait on lake Oulujärvi between Manamansalo island and the mainland
- Arvinsalmi Ferry across Arvinsalmi strait between the municipalities of Rääkkylä and Liperi
- Barösund Ferry across Barösund strait between Barösundet and Orslandet islands
- Bergö Ferry in Bergö
- Hanhivirta Ferry in Enonkoski
- Hirvisalmi Ferry across Hirvisalmi strait between the mainland and Paalasmaa island in Juuka
- Kokkila Ferry between the mainland and Kemiö island
- Pellinki Ferry between the mainland and the island of Pellinki
- Pikkarala Ferry across Oulujoki river in Pikkarala, Oulu
- Puutossalmi Ferry in Kuopio
- Skåldö Ferry between Degerö and Skåldö islands in Ekenäs
[edit] United Kingdom
- Cowes Floating Bridge across the River Medina on the Isle of Wight
- Dartmouth Higher Ferry across the River Dart in Devon
- Hampton Ferry across the River Avon in Worcestershire
- Hampton Loade Ferry across the River Severn in Shropshire
- King Harry Ferry across the River Fal in Cornwall
- Reedham Ferry across the River Yare in Norfolk
- Sandbanks Ferry across the entrance to Poole Harbour in Dorset
- Torpoint Ferry across the River Tamar between Devon and Cornwall
- Windermere Ferry across Lake Windermere in Cumbria
[edit] United States
- Canby Ferry across the Willamette River in Oregon
- Elwell Ferry across the Cape Fear River in North Carolina
- Hatton Ferry across the James River in Virginia
- Ironton Ferry across an arm of Lake Charlevoix in Michigan
- Merrimac Ferry across the Wisconsin River in Wisconsin
- Parker's Ferry across the Meherrin River in North Carolina
- Sans Souci Ferry across the Cashie River in North Carolina
- Saugatuck Ferry across the Kalamazoo River in Michigan
- Sycamore Island Ferry across the Potomac River in Maryland
- White's Ferry across the Potomac River in Maryland
- Woodland Ferry across the Nanticoke River in Delaware
- Ticonderoga Ferry across Lake Champlain between Ticonderoga, New York and Shoreham, Vermont.
[edit] Zambia
- Kafue Ferry across the Kafue River 4.5 km west of the Zambezi
- Chambeshi Ferry across the Chambeshi River near Mbesuma
- Kabompo Ferry across the Kabompo River 80 km south-east of Kabompo
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Saint John, New Brunswick First. Retrieved on November 20, 2006.
[edit] External links
- Cable ferries of the Sacramento Delta
- Cable ferry proposal across the Ottawa river
- Cable ferries in New South Wales in Australia
- Sandbanks chain ferry at Sandbanks in Dorset, England
- [9] Twyford, Derbyshire chain ferry on the River Trent,UK, 1899
- Cable ferries operating in New Brunswick, Canada
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![[9]](http://www.igreens.org.uk/twyford_ferry_1899.jpg){kind=link}