Battle of Kosovo (1448)

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For the other Battles of Kosovo, see Battle of Kosovo (disambiguation)

Second Battle of Kosovo
Part of the Ottoman wars in Europe
An Akıncı irregular defeating a Hungarian knight.
Date October 17 - October 20, 1448 (Julian calendar) Location Kosovo Polje, present-day Kosovo, Serbia Result Decisive Ottoman victory
Belligerents
Ottoman Empire	Kingdom of Hungary Walachia Serbs
Commanders
Murad II	John Hunyadi
Strength
~ 40,000[1] to 60,000[2]	24,000[2][3]
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown

Ottoman-Hungarian Wars Nicopolis – Varna – Kosovo – Belgrade – Vaslui – Breadfield – Otranto – Krbava field – Mohács – Ottoman-Habsburg wars

The Second Battle of Kosovo (Hungarian: második rigómezei csata, Turkish: İkinci Kosova muharebesi) (October 17–October 20, 1448) was fought at Kosovo Polje between a Hungarian-led Catholic coalition under John Hunyadi against an Ottoman-led coalition under Sultan Murad II.

Contents 1 Background 2 The battle 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Background

At 1448, John Hunyadi saw the right moment to lead a campaign against the Ottoman Empire. After the Defeat of Varna (1444), he raised another army to attack Ottomans. His strategy based on possible revolt of Balkan people and the surprise attack, also the assumption to destroy the main force of the Ottomans in a single battle. Hunyadi was totally immodest and led his forces without leaving any escort behind.

The Albanian leader Skanderbeg and his troops moved to join the Hungarian coalition but they were intercepted and attacked by the Ottoman vassal Đurađ Branković of Serbia, and delayed from reaching the battlefield. [1]. Moreover, although the battle happened on Kosovo, "no Serbian troops were present on the field of Kosovo in 1448" against the Ottoman Empire.

[edit] The battle

When John Hunyadi arrived at the field of Rigómező (Kosovo Field), he realised that the Sultan's troops were occupying the hills behind his own army having been informed of Hunyadi's intentions by Serbia's despot, Brankovic[2]. After a heavy fight a contingent of knights captured the hills and proceeded to build defences there, making use of war wagons.

The next day the battle opened when Hunyadi attacked the Ottoman flanks with mixed cavalry (light and heavy). The Turkish flanks, consisting of soldiers from Rumelia and Anatolia, were losing until Turkish light cavalry arrived to reinforce them. The Christian flanks were subsequently routed and the survivors retreated back to Hunyadi's main force. When Hunyadi saw the defeat of his flanks, he attacked with his main force, composed of knights and light infantry. The janissary corps were not successful and the cavalry made progress through the Turkish center, but were stopped at the Turkish camp. When the main attack was halted, the Turkish infantry regrouped and successfully drove the Hungarian knights back. The light cavalry, who were now without the knights' support were also overcome. Hungarian forces retreated to their camp. During the retreat, the janissaries killed most of the Hungarian nobles and Hunyadi fled. However, Serbs later captured him. During the night, Turkish infantry fired missiles at the Hungarians who replied with cannons. On the next day, a final assault totally annihilated the remaining Hungarian army.

The two-day battle in Kosovo saw both sides taking heavy casualties and left the Ottoman force in command of the field at the end of second day. The Hungarians were supposed to be 24,000^[2][3] and the Turkish around 40,000 to 60,000.^[1][2] The casualties probably were around 5,000 Ottoman soldiers and 15,000 Hungarians.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Aftermath

This battle demonstrated that the Janissary corps even if their lines are broken through would not run away from the field if defending the Sultan himself. Otherwise, one major defeat of the Turkish army could have caused only a short turmoil - it would have needed several defeats in a series to break the power of the Ottomans.

The Christian Balkan states were unable to resist the Ottomans after this defeat, eventually falling under control of the Ottoman Empire. Hunyadi successfully defended the Kingdom of Hungary against the Ottoman campaigns. Skanderbeg also successfully continued his resistance in Albania until his death in 1468, 12 years later the country fell to full Ottoman control.

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Stephen R. Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire 1326-1699, Osprey Publishing, 2003.
• Jean W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, University of Washington Press, 1994.
• Matthew Bennett, The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare, Taylor & Francis, 1998.

[edit] External links

• Second Battle of Kosovo The Encyclopedia Britannica