Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica
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| Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica A.S.George |
Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica, commonly known as New England Banksia, is a shrub that grows along the east coast of Australia, in Queensland and New South Wales.
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[edit] Description
As with the other varieties of B. spinulosa (Hairpin Banksia), B. spinulosa var. spinulosa grows as a shrub with flower spikes that are all golden or golden with red or purple styles. Its leaves, flowers and fruit are all very similar to those of B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii, from which it differs in having a lignotuber.[1]
[edit] Taxonomy
- See also: Taxonomy of Banksia
B. spinulosa var. neoanglica was collected numerous times prior to 1988, but was never recognised as a distinct taxon. During collection for The Banksia Atlas project, volunteer collectors reported populations of B. spinulosa in northern New South Wales that were indistinguishable from B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii by their leaves, flowers and fruit, but unlike that variety it had a lignotuber. In 1988, Alex George decided to recognise these populations as a distinct taxon. He published B. spinulosa var. neoanglica based on a specimen collected on 6 April 1986 by Stephen Chapman Clemesha, from a location on the Ebor-Armidale Road, about a kilometre north of the turnoff to New England National Park. He gave it the specific epither neoanglica from the Latin neo ("new"), and anglica (England), in reference to the fact that its centre of distribution is in the New England Tableland.[2]
At the time of publication, B. spinulosa then comprised four varieties. Under George's arrangement of Banksia, the species was placed in Banksia subgenus Banksia, section Oncostylis, series Spicigerae because its inflorescences are cylindrical. B. collina and B. cunninghamii were demoted to varieties of B. spinulosa, and as a result the name B. spinulosa var. spinulosa was used for the first time.[3]
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus, after cladistic analyses yielded a cladogram significantly different from George's arrangement. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement retained B. spinulosa var. neoanglica as a distinct taxon, placing it between B. spinulosa var. collina and B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii. They also retained B. spinulosa in series Spicigerae, but placed the species alone in B. subser. Spinulosae.[4] This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series.
Under George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, B. spinulosa var. neoanglica's taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows:[1]
- Genus Banksia
- Subgenus Banksia
- Section Banksia
- Section Coccinea
- Section Oncostylis
- Series Spicigerae
- Series Tricuspidae
- Series Dryandroidae
- Series Abietinae
- Subgenus Isostylis
- Subgenus Banksia
Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different to George's arrangement. George's and Thiele and Ladiges' positioning of B. spinulosa var. neoanglica within B. spinulosa is supported, but B. spinulosa's placement is not. Series Spicigerae appears to be polyphyletic, with B. spinulosa and B. ericifolia more closely related to the taxa in Series Salicinae than it is to the other members of series Spicigerae.[5][6][7] Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. spinulosa var. neoanglica is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.[8]
The New South Wales herbarium persists in ranking B. spinulosa var. cunninghamii at species rank, and consider this variety to be a subspecies of it. No name for this subspecies has been formally published; it is usually referred to by the informal name Banksia cunninghamii subsp. A.[9]
[edit] Distribution and habitat
This variety occurs in the New England Tableland and nearby mountainous regions of northern New South Wales.[10]
[edit] Cultivation
It is not often cultivated. Alex George suggests that it is probably similar to B. spinulosa var. spinulosa in cultivation, but should tolerate colder conditions.[11]
[edit] References
- ^ a b George, A. S. (1999). "Flora of Australia". 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Ed. Wilson, Annette. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- ^ George, Alex S. (1988). "New taxa and notes on Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia 6 (3): 309–317.
- ^ George, Alex S. (1981). "The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia 3 (3): 239–473. ISSN 0085-4417.
- ^ Thiele, Kevin and Pauline Y. Ladiges (1996). "A cladistic analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 9 (5): 661–733. doi:.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany 11: 321–342. doi:.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish (2002). "Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny". American Journal of Botany 89 (8): 1311–1323. doi:. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Mast, Austin R., Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 18 (1): 75–88. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society. doi:.
- ^ Mast, Austin R. and Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany 20: 63–71. doi:.
- ^ Banksia cunninghamii subsp. a sensu harden (1991) Sieber ex Rchb.. PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
- ^ Taylor, Anne and Stephen Hopper (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-07124-9.
- ^ George, Alex S. (1987). The Banksia Book (Second Edition). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press (in association with the Society for Growing Australian Plants). ISBN 0-86417-006-8.
[edit] External links
- Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica. Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
- Banksia cunninghamii subsp. a sensu harden (1991) Sieber ex Rchb., PlantNET: The Plant Information Network System of the Botanic Gardens Trust.
- Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica. Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
