Apraclonidine

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Apraclonidine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
2,6-dichloro-N- (4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl) benzene-1,4-diamine
Identifiers
CAS number	66711-21-5
ATC code	S01EA03
PubChem	2216
DrugBank	APRD00012
Chemical data
Formula	C9H10Cl2N4
Mol. mass	245.108 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	?
Protein binding	98.7%
Metabolism	?
Half life	8 hours
Excretion	?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status	Rx only
Routes	Ophthalmic solution

Apraclonidine (INN), also known as Iopidine, is a sympathomimetic used in glaucoma therapy. It is an α₂-adrenergic agonist.

Apraclonidine is administered at a concentration of 1% for the prevention and treatment of postsurgical intraocular pressure elevation and 0.5% for short-term adjunctive therapy in patients on maximally tolerated medical therapy who require additional redirection of intraocular pressure. One drop is usually added one hour prior to laser eye surgery and another drop is given after the procedure is complete.

[edit] Clinical uses

Apraclonidine is indicated for the short-term adjunctive treatment of patients on maximally tolerated medical therapy who require additional IOP reduction. Patients on maximally tolerated medical therapy who are treated with apraclonidine to delay surgery should have frequent followup examinations and treatment should be discontinued if the intraocular pressure rises significantly.

[edit] External links

• Iopidine prescribing information (from the FDA website)

[edit] References

• Chen P, Chen J, Lu D, Chen Y, Hsiao C (2006). "Comparing efficacies of 0.5% apraclonidine with 4% cocaine in the diagnosis of horner syndrome in pediatric patients.". J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 22 (3): 182–7. doi:10.1089/jop.2006.22.182. PMID 16808679. 
• Aslanides l, Tsiklis N, Ozkilic E, Coskunseven E, Pallikaris l, Jankov M (2006). "The effect of topical apraclonidine on subconjunctival hemorrhage and flap adherence in LASIK patients.". J Refract Surg 22 (6): 585–8. PMID 16805122. 
• Koc F, Kansu T, Kavuncu S, Firat E (2006). "Topical apraclonidine testing discloses pupillary sympathetic denervation in diabetic patients.". J Neuroophthalmol 26 (1): 25–9. PMID 16518162. 
• Garibaldi D, Hindman H, Grant M, Iliff N, Merbs S. "Effect of 0.5% apraclonidine on ptosis in Horner syndrome.". Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 22 (1): 53–5. PMID 16418668. 
• Onal S, Gozum N, Gucukoglu A. "Effect of apraclonidine versus dorzolamide on intraocular pressure after phacoemulsification.". Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 36 (6): 457–62. PMID 16355950. 

v • d • e Ophthalmologicals: antiglaucoma preparations and miotics (S01E) Sympathomimetics Apraclonidine • Brimonidine • Clonidine • Dipivefrine • Epinephrine Parasympathomimetics Aceclidine • Acetylcholine • Carbachol • Demecarium • Echothiophate • Stigmine (Fluostigmine, Neostigmine, Physostigmine) • Paraoxon • Pilocarpine Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Acetazolamide • Brinzolamide • Diclofenamide • Dorzolamide • Methazolamide Beta blocking agents Befunolol • Betaxolol • Carteolol • Levobunolol • Metipranolol • Timolol Prostaglandin analogues Bimatoprost • Latanoprost • Travoprost • Unoprostone Other agents Dapiprazole • Guanethidine