Anvil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An anvil is a manufacturing tool, made of a hard and massive block of stone or metal used as a support for chiseling and hammering other objects, such as in forging iron and steel items.
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[edit] History
Anvils have been used since early Bronze Age times by smiths of all kinds for metal work, although the tool was also used in much earlier epochs for stone and flint work.
There are many references to anvils in ancient Greek and Egyptian writing, including Homer's works. The anvil was perfected during the Middle Ages when iron working was commonplace.
Anvils have recently lost their former commonness, as mechanized production requires more specialized components for forging. They are still used by blacksmiths producing custom work, and by farriers.
[edit] Structure
The primary work surface of the anvil is known as the face. It is generally made of hardened steel and should be flat and smooth with rounded edges for most work. Any marks on the face will be transferred to the work. Also, sharp edges tend to cut into the metal being worked and may cause cracks to form in the workpiece. The face is hardened and tempered to resist the blows of the smiths hammer so the anvil face does not deform under repeated use. A hard anvil face also reduces the amount of force lost in each hammer blow. Hammers should never directly strike the anvil face as they may damage it.
The horn of the anvil is a conical projection used to form various round shapes, and is generally unhardened steel or iron. The horn is used mostly in bending operations. It also is used by some smiths as an aid in drawing out stock, "making it longer and thinner". Some anvils, mainly European, are made with two horns, one square and one round. Also, some anvils were made with side horns or clips for specialized work.
The step or pad, commonly referred to as the table, of the anvil is used for cutting, to prevent damaging the face by conducting such operations there, although most professional smiths shun this practice, as it can damage the anvil.
The hardy hole is a square hole into which specialized forming and cutting tools are placed. It is also used in punching and bending operations.
The pritchel hole is a small round hole that is present on most modern anvils. Some anvils have more than one. It is used mostly for punching. At times smiths will fit a second tool to this hole to allow the smith more flexibility when using more than one anvil tools.
[edit] Types of anvil
There are many designs for anvils, which are often tailored for a specific purpose or to meet the needs of a particular smith.
The common blacksmith's anvil is made of either forged or cast steel, tool steel, or wrought iron (cast iron anvils are generally shunned, as they are too brittle for repeated use, and do not return the energy of a hammer blow like steel). Historically, some anvils have been made with a smooth top working face of hardened steel welded to a cast iron body, though this manufacturing method is no longer in use. It has at one end a projecting conical bick (beak, horn) used for hammering curved work pieces. The other end is typically called the heel. Occasionally the other end is also provided with a bick, partly rectangular in section. Most anvils made since the late 1700s also have a hardy hole and a pritchel hole where various tools, such as the anvil-cutter or hot chisel, can be inserted and held by the anvil. Some anvils have several hardy and pritchel holes, to accommodate a wider variety of hardy tools and pritchels. An anvil may also have a softer pad for chisel work.
An anvil for a power hammer is usually supported on a massive anvil block, sometimes weighing over 800 tons for a 12-ton hammer, and this again rests on a strong foundation of timber and masonry or concrete.
An anvil may have a marking indicating its weight, the marking consisting of three numbers, indicating hundredweight, quarter hundredweight and pounds. For example, a 3-1-5, if such an anvil existed, would be 3x112 lb + 1x28 lb + 5 lb = 369 lb ~= 168 kg.
Cheap anvils made from inferior steel which are unsuitable for serious use are derisively referred to as "ASOs", or "Anvil Shaped Objects". Some amateur smiths have used a piece of railroad track as a makeshift anvil.
Some modern anvils are made mostly from concrete. While the face is steel, the horn is not and can be easily damaged. These anvils can be hard to recognize because the gray paint used is the same shade as the steel face. They tend to weight about half as much as a comparable steel anvil.[citation needed]
A metalworking vise may have a small anvil integrated in its design.
[edit] Etymology
The word "anvil" derives from Anglo-Saxon anfilt or onfilti, either that on which something is "welded" or "folded," cf. German falzen, to fold, or connected with other Teutonic forms of the word, cf. German amboss, in which case the final syllable is from "beat,", and the meaning is "that on which something is beaten" and has likely influenced the English word "emboss"[citation needed].
[edit] Usage
"On the anvil" means any thing in the making, being created, in production etc.
[edit] Anvils in art and entertainment
[edit] Television and film
A typical metalworker's anvil, with horn at one end and flat face at the other, is a standard prop for animated cartoon gags, as the epitome of a heavy and clumsy object that is perfect for dropping onto the villain of the story. This visual metaphor was quite common in Warner Brothers' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts, such as those featuring Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner. It was widely used in other animated features, possibly influenced by them.
In the Broadway musical (and later film) The Music Man, by Meredith Willson, the character Charlie Cowell, the "bad guy" of the play, is an anvil salesman. "It takes a real salesman, I can tell you that," he says. "Anvils have a limited appeal, you know." Later, he drops his sample case ("Gibraltar Anvil Co."), to comedic effect.
[edit] Musical instruments
Anvils have been used as percussion instruments in several famous musical compositions, including:
- Giuseppe Verdi: Il Trovatore, featuring the famous Anvil Chorus
- Richard Wagner: Der Ring des Nibelungen in Das Rheingold in Scene 3, using 18 anvils, and Siegfried in Act I, notably Siegfried's Forging Song (Nothung! Nothung! Neidliches Schwert!)
- Gustav Holst: Second Suite in F for Military Band, which includes a movement titled "Song of the Blacksmith"
- Aaron Copland: Symphony No. 3 (Copland)
- Arnold Bax: Symphony No. 3
- William Walton: Belshazzar's Feast (Walton)
- Edgard Varèse: Ionisation
- Carl Orff: Antigone
- Juan María Solare: Veinticinco de agosto, 1983 and Un ángel de hielo y fuego
- Pieces by Jean-Baptiste Lully
- Howard Shore: The Lord of the Rings
- Albert Parlow: Anvil Polka and Strauss
- Louis Andriessen: De Materie (Part I), which features an extended solo for two anvils
- Fear Factory: "Body Hammer" which features the sound of a hammer striking an anvil as percussion.
- Judas Priest: "Between The Hammer And The Anvil" which features the sound of a hammer striking an anvil for dramatic effect.
- Johann Strauss II: Feuerfest Polka
The Beatles song "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" makes prominent use of the anvil. Beatles road manager Mal Evans played the anvil on the track.
The Kansas track "On the Other Side" featured some use of the anvil. Kansas violinist Robby Steinhardt played the anvil on the track.
[edit] Heraldry
The Norwegian municipality of Hol has three anvils in its coat-of-arms.
The arms of Finnish municipality of Nurmo are Vert, an anvil, surmounted by four padlocks Argent
The arms of Middlesex School feature a hammer and anvil; the school's newspaper is The Anvil.
[edit] Notes
[edit] References
- Andrews, Jack (1994). New Edge of the Anvil. ISBN 1-879535-09-2.
- Hrisoulas, Jim (1987). The Complete Bladesmith: Forging Your Way to Perfection. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-430-1.
[edit] See also
- smith
- forging
- iron
- steel
- blacksmith
- silversmith
- Incus (bone in ear)
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