Amerind languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Amerind is one of the three proposed families in Joseph Greenberg's controversial classification of all Native American languages, obtained by his mass lexical comparison method — the other two being Na-Dené and Eskimo-Aleut. His classification was laid out in a controversial book published in 1987, Language in the Americas.
Most linguists, including virtually all linguists specializing in the languages of the New World, have rejected Greenberg's classification due to unsound methodology, noting the numerous errors he made in citing forms from American Indian languages, as well as the fundamental methodological problems with Mass lexical comparison. Most linguists reject the validity of Amerind as a a linguistic family and maintain that the languages of the americas belong to numerous smaller language families.
The term is also occasionally used to refer (broadly) to the various indigenous languages of the Americas.
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[edit] Subgroups according to Ethnologue[1]
- Alacalufan
- Algic
- Arauan
- Araucanian
- Arawakan
- Arutani-Sape
- Aymaran
- Barbacoan
- Caddoan
- Cahuapanan
- Carib
- Chapacura-Wanham
- Chibchan
- Chimakuan
- Choco
- Chon
- Chumash
- Coahuiltecan
- Guahiban
- Gulf
- Harakmbet
- Hibito-Cholon
- Hokan
- Huavean
- Iroquoian
- Jivaroan
- Katukinan
- Keres
- Kiowa Tanoan
- Lule-Vilela
- Macro-Ge
- Maku
- Mascoian
- Mataco-Guaicuru
- Mayan
- Misumalpan
- Mixe-Zoque
- Mura
- Muskogean
- Nambiquaran
- Oto-Manguean
- Panoan
- Peba-Yaguan
- Penutian
- Quechuan
- Salishan
- Salivan
- Siouan
- Subtiaba-Tlapanec
- Tacanan
- Tarascan
- Totonacan
- Tucanoan
- Tupi
- Uru-Chipaya
- Uto-Aztecan
- Wakashan
- Witotoan
- Yanomam
- Yuki
- Zamucoan
- Zaparoan
[edit] Subgroups according to Greenberg & Ruhlen[2]
0. Amerind
- 1. North-Central
- 1.1. Northern
- 1.1.1. Almosan-Keresiouan
- 1.1.1.1. Almosan
- 1.1.1.2. Keresiouan
- 1.1.2. Penutian-Hokan
- 1.1.1. Almosan-Keresiouan
- 1.2. Central
- 1.2.1. Aztec-Tanoan
- 1.2.1.1. Tanoan
- 1.2.1.2. Uto-Aztecan
- 1.2.2. Oto-Manguean
- 1.2.1. Aztec-Tanoan
- 1.1. Northern
- 2. Southern
- 2.1. Andean-Chibchan-Paezan
- 2.2.
- 2.2.1. Equatorial-Tucanoan
- 2.2.1.1. Equatorial
- 2.2.1.2. Macro-Tucanoan
- 2.2.2. Ge-Pano-Carib (see also Je-Tupi-Carib)
- 2.2.2.1. Macro-Carib
- 2.2.2.2.
- 2.2.2.2.1. Macro-Panoan
- 2.2.2.2.2. Macro-Ge
- 2.2.1. Equatorial-Tucanoan
[edit] References
- Adelaar, Willem F. H. (1989). [Review of Greenberg, Language in the Americas]. Lingua, 78, 249-255.
- Berman, Howard. (1992). A comment on the Yurok and Kalapuya data in Greenberg's Language in the Americas. International Journal of American Linguistics, 58 (2), 230-233.
- Bonnichsen, Robson; & Steele, D. Gentry (Eds.). (1994). Method and theory for investigating the peopling of the Americas. Peopling of the Americas publications. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Center for the Study of the First Americans. ISBN 0-912933-09-7.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1988). [Review of Language in the Americas, Greenberg 1987]. Language, 64, 591-615.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Chafe, Wallace. (1987). [Review of Greenberg 1987]. Current Anthropology, 28, 652-653.
- Goddard, Ives. (1987). [Review of Joseph Greenberg, Language in the Americas]. Current Anthropology, 28, 656-657.
- Goddard, Ives. (1990). [Review of Language in the Americas by Joseph H. Greenberg]. Linguistics, 28, 556-558.
- Goddard, Ives. (1996). The classification of native languages of North America. In I. Goddard (Ed.), Languages (pp. 290-323). Handbook of North Americans Indians (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
- Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
- Goddard, Ives; & Campbell, Lyle. (1994). The history and classification of American Indian languages: What are the implications for the peopling of the Americas?. In R. Bonnichsen & D. Steele (Eds.), Method and theory for investigating the peopling of the Americas (pp. 189-207). Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University.
- Golla, Victor. (1987). [Review of Joseph H. Greenberg: Language in the Americas]. Current Anthropology, 28, 657-659.
- Golla, Victor. (1988). [Review of Language in the Americas, by Joseph Greenberg]. American Anthropologist, 90, 434-435.
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1960). General classification of Central and South American languages. In A. Wallace (Ed.), Men and cultures: Fifth international congress of anthropological and ethnological sciences (1956) (pp. 791-794). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas: Author's précis. Current Anthropology, 28, 647-652.
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1989). Classification of American Indian languages: A reply to Campbell. Language, 65, 107-114.
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1996). In defense of Amerind. International Journal of American Linguistics, 62, 131-164.
- Kimball, Geoffrey. (1992). A critique of Muskogean, 'Gulf,' and Yukian materials in Language in the Americas. International Journal of American Linguistics, 58, 447-501.
- Matisoff, James. (1990). On megalo-comparison: A discussion note. Language, 66, 106-120.
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Poser, William J. (1992). The Salinan and Yurumanguí data in Language in the Americas. International Journal of American Linguistics, 58 (2), 202-229. PDF
- Rankin, Robert. (1992). [Review of Language in the Americas by J. H. Greenberg]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 58 (3), 324-351.
- Ringe, Don (2000). Some relevant facts about historical linguistics. In: Renfrew, Colin (Ed.), America Past, America Present: Genes and Languages in the Americas and Beyond (pp. 139-62). Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
