Agorism
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Agorism is an anarchist political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which all "relations between people are voluntary exchanges — a free market."[1] The term comes from the Greek word "agora," referring to an open place for assembly and market in ancient Greek city-states. Ideologically, it is a term representing a revolutionary type of free market anarchism,[2] with "revolutionary" not referring to violent revolution but emphasis on "counter-economics" - untaxed "black" market activity, which agorists believe has the ability to contribute to the elimination of the state.
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[edit] Origins
The seminal and definitive treatise, Konkin's New Libertarian Manifesto[3], was published in 1980. Previously, the philosophy was presented fictionally in J. Neil Schulman's novel Alongside Night in 1979. He was inspired to portray Konkin's ideas in fictional form by the example of Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged. Konkin wrote an afterword 'How Far Alongside Night?' for the 1987 Avon paperback edition of Alongside Night.[citation needed]
Agorists are propertarian market anarchists who consider property rights to be natural rights deriving from the primary right of self-ownership. Thus, Agorism can be considered a type of anarcho-capitalism, though it has adopted a distinctive leftist revolutionary streak.[4] Agorists consider their ideas to be an evolution and superation of those of Murray Rothbard. Konkin describes agorists as "strict Rothbardians... and even more Rothbardian than Rothbard [himself]."[5]
Strategically, agorists are advocates or conscious practitioners of counter-economics (peaceful black and grey markets).[6] Agorism advocates achieving a market anarchist society through growth of the underground economy - the "counter economy" . As the counter economy expands it challenges the authority of the State, crippling its ability to operate. With the States coercive monopoly undermined, the market is then able to generate the security services necessary to openly defend their clientele against coercive government as a criminal activity (with taxation being treated as theft, war being treated as mass murder, et cetera). The organisational nature of these services will ultimately be determined by the market based on effectiveness, efficiency and expense. Agorists spurn political participation in favour of counter-economics, as political participation is seen to be costly, time consuming and ineffective. Involvement in advocacy and outreach activities are motivated by the goal of making more people aware of Agorism and counter-economics, indirectly increasing the conscious practice of counter-economic activity.
Agorism's proponents characterize it as left-libertarian. According to Konkin,[7] it was Murray Rothbard's idea to call his and Konkin's radical free-market libertarianism "Left," the reasons being that they wanted to use a label that was appealing to the New Left in order to solidify an alliance with them and in order to distinguish Agorists as those interested in building counter-economic enterprises. As well, the tendency of Agorists to label themselves "leftist" is partially a nod to the old French Assembly, where many of the classical liberals and free-marketeers sat on the left side of the assembly hall. In this view that considers radical libertarians "Left", libertarians based in minarchism, gradualism, conservatism, and reformism are considered to be on the "Right."[8] The labeling of market anarchism as left-wing libertarianism is not accepted by some scholars, such as David DeLeon, who regard "anarchists" that stress "the individualism of the unregulated marketplace" to be right-wing libertarians, with left-wing libertarians being communitarians such as anarcho-communists.[9] Likewise, Barbara Goodwin regards anarcho-communists such as Kropotkin and anarcho-Collectivists such as Bakunin to be left libertarians.[10] Some Anarchists such as Bob Black[3] do not regard Agorism to be left oriented.
[edit] Early publications
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J. Neil Schulman, managing editor of Konkin's magazine New Libertarian at the time of its first publication in 1979, first promoted the philosophy of Agorism in his novel Alongside Night, which he began writing in 1974, when he was an editor for Konkin's magazine, New Libertarian Notes. On their cross-country automobile trip from New York to California in August 1975, Konkin and Schulman outlined a book to be co-authored by them titled CounterEconomics. When the outline and sample chapters for CounterEconomics failed to achieve a contract with an advance from a major publisher, Schulman went back to work finishing Alongside Night while Konkin devoted his energies to his own magazine publishing before eventually writing The New Libertarian Manifesto and An Agorist Primer, scheduled to be published by Victor Koman's KoPubCo, which published the most recent edition of The New Libertarian Manifesto. Before his death Konkin completed a manuscript for CounterEconomics which is also scheduled to be published by KoPubCo.
[edit] Counter-economics as revolutionary theory
According to a short summary of the Agorist conception of market anarchist revolution, Agorist Revolution in a Nutshell:
Agorism is revolutionary market anarchism. In a market anarchist society, law and security will be provided by market institutions, not political institutions. Agorists recognize, therefore, that those institutions can not develop through political reform. Instead, they will come about as a result of market processes. As government is banditry, revolution culminates in the suppression of government by market providers of security and law. Market demand for such service providers is what will lead to their emergence. Development of that demand will come from economic growth in the sector of the economy that explicitly shuns state involvement (and therefore can not turn to the state in its role as monopoly provider of security and law). That sector of the economy is the counter-economy — black and grey markets.
– Brad Spangler, Agorist Revolution in a Nutshell
[edit] Views on property
By preferring the term "free market", Agorists feel they are not bound by the implications of the term "capitalism". Government-favored corporations are viewed by Agorists to link the illegitimacy of the state to many such businesses. State restrictions that limit liability on corporations are believed to corrupt those businesses such that the upper management acts irresponsibly with corporate assets. For example, if such businesses excessively pay executives and are then unable to meet contractual debts, many state laws protect the wages of those responsible for the bankruptcy. Agorists argue that liability cannot simply disappear by act of government and so legitimate business will always have managers or owners who will be held responsible for any actions taken.
Corporations are creatures of the State, created by it and having two privileges that protect them from market pressures. First, corporate liability for damages to others is automatically limited by fiat; and second, responsibility is shifted away from individuals to a fictional entity. Each of the Cadre assumes full responsibility for his or her actions, though liabilities may be insured.
– Merce Rampart, "Chairman of the Revolutionary Agorist Cadre" in Schulman's Alongside Night
Konkin was opposed to the concept of intellectual property rights, like almost all agorist supporters, and wrote the article "Copywrongs" to explain and support this position. Schulman later took position against Konkin's arguments in "Informational Property: Logorights." While Konkin opposed state copyright and patent laws as constructs of the state, and creators of illegitimate monopoly, as did Benjamin Tucker before him, Schulman argued that the material identity displayed by an original creation could be owned as an exclusive natural property right.
Although very similar to anarcho-capitalism, unlike anarcho-capitalism it opposes intellectual property. It is also explicitly against voting and parliamentary strategies and shares a desire with most individualist anarchists to have an economy in which workers are also owners of the business they work in.
– Daniel Burton
[edit] Agorist class theory
The use of the word "capitalism" in reference to the free market varies from each Agorist. Some Agorists, like Anarcho-Capitalists will use to the term synonymously with "free market", while many don't and shun the term for its connotations with the state regulated economy. Regardless, Agorists maintain a class theory that separates each class based on who benefits from the state's existence under Capitalism. Agorists make a three-part distinction, victims of the state, neutral or statist.
| entrepreneur[11] or venture capitalist | non-statist capitalist | pro-statist capitalist |
| (good) | (neutral) | (bad) |
| innovator, risk-taker, producer the strength of a free market |
holders of capital not necessarily ideologically aware "relatively drone-like non-innovators" |
"the main Evil in the political realm" |
Konkin claimed that Anarcho-Capitalists tend to conflate the first and second types and implied that "Marxoids and cruder collectivists" conflate all three. [12]
[edit] Political action
Agorists tend to oppose voting and political participation, and at least do not believe that such could ever be an effective means to bring about a free society. They support education and direct action, with a particular focus on entrepreneurship and counter-economics.
Agorists' opposition to voting differs from some other individualist anarchists, such as Lysander Spooner and Murray Rothbard who defended the act of voting.[13]
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Konkin, Samuel Edward. New Libertarian Manifesto
- ^ Agorism is revolutionary market anarchism. Agorism.info
- ^ New Libertarian Manifesto
- ^ Agorism satisfies standard definitions of anarcho-capitalism, including the one in the anarcho-capitalism Wikipedia article. For a discussion, see Discussion on Agorism vs. Anarcho-Capitalism.
- ^ "Interview With Samuel Edward Konkin III"
- ^ For Konkin's definition and exposition of counter-economics, see "Counter Economics" in The New Libertarian Manifesto
- ^ Interview with Samuel Edward Konkin III [1]
- ^ Interview with Samuel Edward Konkin III [2]
- ^ DeLeon, David. The American as Anarchist: Reflections on Indigenous Radicalism. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978, p. 123
- ^ Goodwin, Barbara. 1987. Using Political Ideas, 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons. p. 137-138
- ^ Note that an entrepreneur in this instance is not necessarily a capitalist.
- ^ Interview with Samuel Edward Konkin III.
- ^ Rothbard, Murray N. The State versus Liberty.
[edit] External links
- Agorism.info
- Agorist Class Theory (PDF)
- Agorist Action Alliance (A3)
- The New Libertarian Manifesto
- Interview With Samuel Edward Konkin III
- http://127.0.0.1:8888/SSK@Ly3m~RoTy6qxyGMYTKyziSmAPb8PAgM,88PHE2a2FK2kYfxGUpbnJg/MLL/5// — You must be running Freenet 0.5 for this link to work.
