Billede:Han foreign relations CE 2.jpg

Created and copyright (2005) by Yu Ninjie. Released under the GNU FDL. See Image:Han foreign relations CE 2 chinese.jpg for a chinese version.

This map shows the world as was known to Han Dynasty China in CE 2. Names of non-Chinese peoples and states have been purposely left with their Chinese names (e.g. Dayuan instead of Fergana; Gaogouli instead of Goguryeo) to reflect the fact that our knowledge of participants in the Han world order comes almost exclusively from Chinese sources.

[edit] Territorial garrisons

The headquarters of chief commandants (都尉) are shown in yellow. Chief commandants commanded territorial garrisons and were responsible for the supression of local armed threats and supervision of recruitment for military service. Note that these were concentrated on the frontiers, especially on the northern border region. When in the interior of the Han empire, they were often placed near iron or salt industries, on on important communication routes. A few dependent states (屬國) are shown in green. These were usually mixed settlements of Chinese and Xiongnu or more commonly, Qiang, under Han administration.

[edit] The Great Wall

During most of the Western Han period, the Great Wall served as a line of demarcation between Han and non-Chinese peoples, most notable of whom were the Xiongnu. The line of the Great Wall was extended by Emperor Wu along the Gansu corridor (the commanderies based at Dunhuang, Lufu, Lude and Guzang). This, along with walls north of the great loop of the Yellow River (beyond Wuyuan), provided the front line defences against the Xiongnu. A second line was maintained along the old Qin wall (the one that passes close to Fushi and Didao), which was important even into the 1st century.

Both the lines of the Great Wall and Yellow River are based on Tan Qixiang (ed.), Zhongguo lishi ditu (中国历史地图集), 1982. Note that the Yellow River is considerably to the north of its present flow.

[edit] Routes of communication

The broad outline of communication and transport routes from the capital Chang'an is marked in white. These were based on Qin Dynasty imperial highways, Han roads (such as the Chang'an-Anyi-Taiyuan-Yu road) and navigable riverways (such as the Chenliu and Shouchun route). The long road extending west from Chang'an to the "Western Regions" is often known as the Silk Road.

These are based in part on the reconstruction of early Chinese roads and waterways by Joseph Needham in Science and Civilisation, Vol. IV, 1954-, and the additions of Rafe de Crespigny in Generals of the South, 1992. The northern and southern routes of the Silk Road in the Western Regions is based on Map 16 in Cambridge History of China, vol. 1, 1986.

[edit] The Western Regions

From the end of the 2nd century BC, Han China fought with the Xiongnu over control of the Western Regions. By the time that they established the office of Protector General of the Western Regions (at Wulei) in 60 BC or 59 BC, the entire region was dominated by the Chinese. Tributary city-states, in light orange, sent periodic tribute to Chang'an and were rewarded by the Han court.

[edit] License and Source

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation license, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation license". Aragonés | العربية | Asturianu | Български | বাংলা | ইমার ঠার/বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী | Brezhoneg | Bosanski | Català | Cebuano | Česky | Dansk | Deutsch | Ελληνικά | English | Esperanto | Español | Eesti | Euskara | فارسی | Suomi | Français | Gaeilge | Galego | עברית | Hrvatski | Magyar | Bahasa Indonesia | Ido | Íslenska | Italiano | 日本語 | ქართული | ភាសាខ្មែរ | 한국어 | Kurdî / كوردی | Latina | Lëtzebuergesch | Lietuvių | Bahasa Melayu | Nnapulitano | Nederlands | ‪Norsk (nynorsk)‬ | ‪Norsk (bokmål)‬ | Occitan | Polski | Português | Română | Русский | Slovenčina | Slovenščina | Shqip | Српски / Srpski | Svenska | తెలుగు | ไทย | Türkçe | Українська | اردو | Tiếng Việt | Volapük | Yorùbá | ‪中文(中国大陆)‬ | ‪中文(台灣)‬ | +/-

Source: English Wikipedia, original upload see version history

[edit] File history english Wikipedia

(del) (cur) 04:28, 10 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (571826 bytes) (free "documentation")
(del) (rev) 03:05, 9 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (576822 bytes) (fixed up key)
(del) (rev) 02:52, 9 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (571794 bytes) (more rivers)
(del) (rev) 09:49, 8 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (566080 bytes) (More non-Chinese peoples; also cleaned up the rivers.)
(del) (rev) 23:10, 3 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (559685 bytes) (fixed up key)
(del) (rev) 07:36, 3 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (552630 bytes) (correction to rivers)
(del) (rev) 07:10, 3 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (554025 bytes) (Han Great Wall shown.)
(del) (rev) 05:23, 3 April 2005 . . Yu Ninjie . . 965x650 (549512 bytes) (Han foreign relations CE 2)

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