Sam Harris (author)

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Sam Harris
Born	1967 (age 40–41) United States
Occupation	Author
Nationality	American
Genres	Non-fiction
Subjects	Religion
Notable work(s)	The End of Faith Letter to a Christian Nation
Official website http://www.samharris.org/

Sam Harris (born 1967) is an American non-fiction writer and philosopher. He is the author of The End of Faith (2004), which won the 2005 PEN/Martha Albrand Award,^[1] and Letter to a Christian Nation (2006), a rejoinder to the criticism his first book attracted.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Worldview 2.1 Conversational intolerance 2.2 Religious America 2.3 Islam 2.4 Moderation 2.5 Morality and ethics 2.6 Spirituality 3 Criticism and debate 4 Writings and media appearances 5 The Reason Project 6 Books 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

[edit] Biography

After coming under intense criticism in response to his attacks on dogmatic religious belief, Harris is cautious about revealing details of his personal life and history.^[2] He has said that he was raised by a Jewish mother and a Quaker father,^[3][2] and he told Newsweek that as a child, he "declined to be bar mitzvahed."^[4] He attended Stanford University as an English major, but dropped out of school following a life-altering experience with the drug ecstasy.^[2] During this period he studied Buddhism and meditation, and claims to have read hundreds of books on religion.^[2]

After eleven years he returned to Stanford and completed a bachelor of arts degree in philosophy. He is currently pursuing a doctorate in neuroscience,^[2] using functional magnetic resonance imaging to conduct research into the neural basis of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty.^[5]

[edit] Worldview

Harris' basic message is that the time has come to speak openly and honestly about religion^{[citation needed]}. He feels that the survival of civilization is in danger because of a taboo against questioning religious beliefs. While highlighting what he regards as a particular problem posed by Islam at this moment with respect to international terrorism, Harris makes a direct criticism of religion of all styles and persuasions. He sees religion as an impediment to progress toward more enlightened approaches to spirituality and ethics.

While an atheist by definition, Harris asserts that the term is not necessary. His position is that "atheism" is not a worldview or a philosophy, but the "destruction of bad ideas." He states that religion is especially rife with bad ideas, calling it "one of the most perverse misuses of intelligence we have ever devised."^[6] He compares modern day religious beliefs to the myths of the Ancient Greeks, which were once accepted as fact, but are obsolete today. In a January 2007 interview with PBS, Harris noted that: "We don't have a word for not believing in Zeus, which is to say we are all atheists in respect to Zeus. And we don't have a word for not being an astrologer." He goes on to say that the term will be retired only when "we all just achieve a level of intellectual honesty where we are no longer going to pretend to be certain about things we are not certain about".^[7]

He also rejects the claim that the Bible was inspired by an omniscient God. He states that if that were the case, the book could "make specific, falsifiable predictions about human events". Instead, the Bible "does not contain a single sentence that could not have been written by a man or woman living in the first century".^[8]

In The End of Faith, Harris devotes a chapter to "The Nature of Belief". His main argument is that all of our beliefs, except those relating to religious dogma, are based on evidence and experience. He says that religion allows views that would otherwise be a sign of "madness" to become accepted or, in some cases, revered as "holy". He gives specific attention to such teachings as transubstantiation - the Roman Catholic doctrine that, during the Mass, the bread and wine of the Eucharist changes in substance to the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ. Harris argues that if a lone individual developed this belief, he or she would undoubtedly be considered "mad". In the context of religion, though, such teachings need not - and cannot - be questioned. He writes that it is "merely an accident of history that it is considered normal in our society to believe that the Creator of the universe can hear your thoughts while it is demonstrative of mental illness to believe that he is communicating with you by having the rain tap in Morse code on your bedroom window."^[9]

[edit] Conversational intolerance

Harris acknowledges that he advocates a benign, corrective form of intolerance, distinguishing it from historic religious persecution. He promotes a conversational intolerance, in which personal convictions are scaled against evidence, and where intellectual honesty is demanded equally in religious views and non-religious views. He also argues for the need to counter inhibitions which prevent the open critique of religious ideas, beliefs, and practices under the auspices of "tolerance".^[10]

Harris argues that such conversation and investigation are essential to progress in every other field of knowledge. As one example, he suggests that few would require "respect" for radically differing views on physics or history; instead, he notes, societies expect and demand logical reasons and valid evidence for such claims, while those who fail to provide valid support are quickly marginalized on those topics. Thus, Harris suggests that the routine deference accorded to religious ideologies constitutes a double standard, which, following the events of September 11, 2001 attacks, has become too great a risk.^[10]

In the 2007 PBS interview Harris says, "The usefulness of religion, the fact that it gives life meaning, that it makes people feel good is not an argument for the truth of any religious doctrine. It's not an argument that it's reasonable to believe that Jesus really was born of a virgin or that the Bible is the perfect word of the creator of the universe. You can only believe those things or you should be only able to believe those things if you think there are good reasons to believe those things."

[edit] Religious America

Harris focuses much of his critique on the state of contemporary religious affairs in the USA. Harris worries that many areas of American culture are harmed by beliefs that are driven by religious dogma. For instance, he cites polls showing that 44% of Americans believe it is either "certain" or "probable" that Jesus will return to Earth within the next fifty years. The same percentage believe that creationism should be taught in public schools and that God has literally promised the land of Israel to the modern-day Jews.^[11][12]

Such unfounded beliefs, often sheltered from objective criticism, impede planning a sustainable future argues Harris. He points out that, by the light of biblical prophecy, general Armageddon is regarded as a necessary precursor to the Second Coming, or the Rapture as some call it. Harris suggests that a significant proportion of the American population may see a nuclear conflagration in the Middle East as a welcome portent of the End times.

Harris further notes that the same individuals who hold these views both elect and are elected as presidents and senators and representatives, rendering it essentially impossible for someone who does not express such faith to run for office. When President George W. Bush publicly invokes God in speeches regarding either domestic or foreign affairs, Harris invites us to consider how we might react if the President were to mention Zeus or Apollo in a similar vein.^[11]

[edit] Islam

While Harris criticizes all religions, he argues that the doctrines of Islam are uniquely dangerous to civilization.^[13] Harris criticizes the general response in the West to terrorist atrocities such as 9/11, i.e. the response of pronouncing Islam a "religion of peace," while simultaneously declaring a "war on terror." Harris sees the first sentiment as demonstrably false, and the second as meaningless.^[9]

Instead, he says, we should plainly acknowledge that Western civilization is at war with Islam which, he maintains, preaches a doctrine of religious and political subjugation, not a message of peace. The Koran and the hadith, he notes, are packed with unambiguous incitements to kill infidels—acts which, according to the texts, are duly rewarded with an eternity of celestial delights (including the celebrated 72 virgins). It is specifically this metaphysics of martyrdom, or jihad, which, in taking the sting out of death, Harris sees as the source of greatest peril. That such notions might be merely the product of a more extreme form of Islam is an argument Harris considers to be especially untenable in the light of the worldwide violence which erupted in 2006, as a consequence of the publication of cartoons depicting (and satirizing) the Prophet Muhammad. He argues that the riots did not occur because the cartoon was "especially derogatory", but because "most Muslims believe that it is a sacrilege to depict Muhammad at all."^[14] Harris maintains that we are at war with "precisely the vision of life that is prescribed to all Muslims in the Koran, and further elaborated in the literature of the hadith."^[9]

Harris acknowledges that religions other than Islam can inspire, and have inspired, atrocities. He discusses examples such as the Inquisition and witch hunts, in The End of Faith. However, Harris believes that Islam is better suited to this purpose than most other religions. He summed up this argument in a 2005 blog:

Anyone who imagines that terrestrial concerns account for Muslim terrorism must answer questions of the following sort: Where are there no Tibetan Buddhist suicide bombers? The Tibetans have suffered an occupation far more brutal, and far more cynical, than any that Britain, the United States, or Israel have ever imposed upon the Muslim world. Where are the throngs of Tibetans ready to perpetrate suicidal atrocities against Chinese noncombatants? They do not exist. What is the difference that makes the difference? The difference lies in the specific tenets of Islam. This is not to say that Buddhism could not help inspire suicidal violence. It can, and it has (Japan, World War II). But this concedes absolutely nothing to the apologists for Islam. As a Buddhist, one has to work extremely hard to justify such barbarism. One need not work nearly so hard as a Muslim. The truth that we must finally confront is that Islam contains specific notions of martyrdom and jihad that fully explain the character of Muslim violence.^[13]

Harris has called upon Muslim communities to practice open criticism of their faith and to offer assistance to Western governments in locating the religious extremists among them. He has argued that Muslims must be prepared to accept ethnic profiling as a tool in the fight against terrorism, if it can be shown that adherence to Islam is a statistical predictor of terrorist behavior.^[13]

[edit] Moderation

Though Harris accepts that replacing religious extremism with religious moderation would be a positive step, he criticizes moderate theists. Harris argues that religious moderation gives cover to religious fundamentalism. Under the banner of moderation, respect and tolerance are sacred, thus preventing credible assaults upon extremism. Harris states:

To speak plainly and truthfully about the state of our world — to say, for instance, that the Bible and the Koran both contain mountains of life-destroying gibberish — is antithetical to tolerance as moderates currently conceive it. But we can no longer afford the luxury of such political correctness. We must finally recognize the price we are paying to maintain the iconography of our ignorance.^[15]

Furthermore, Harris argues that it is absurd to continue to expect equal respect for all conflicting religious beliefs, as the claim to absolute truth is inherent in nearly all belief systems at some level. Any religion that claims that all other belief systems are false and heretical cannot foster genuine acceptance or tolerance of religious diversity. Harris concludes that religious moderation stands on weak intellectual ground.

Harris also says that moderation is bad theology because the extremists are, in a sense, right: God wants to put homosexuals to death or destroy infidels if one reads the texts literally. Harris notes that religious moderates appear to be blinded to the reality of what fundamentalists truly believe. Moderates tend to argue that suicide attacks can be attributed to a range of social, political, and economic factors. Harris counters by noting that many suicide bombers come not from poverty but from mainstream Muslim society. He points to the fact that the 9/11 hijackers were "college-educated" and "middle-class" and suffered "no discernible experience of political oppression." Harris thus concludes that religion is a significant cause of terrorism.^[16]

How many more architects and mechanical engineers must hit the wall at 400 miles an hour before we admit to ourselves that jihadist violence is not merely a matter of education, poverty, or politics? The truth, astonishingly enough, is that in the year 2006 a person can have sufficient intellectual and material resources to build a nuclear bomb and still believe that he will get 72 virgins in Paradise. Western secularists, liberals, and moderates have been very slow to understand this. The cause of their confusion is simple: They don't know what it is like to really believe in God.

Harris discounts the idea that Jesus's teachings, and the New Testament in general, serve to moderate the more extreme laws set forth in the Old Testament. He points out that the Old Testament prescribes death as the punishment for - among other things - breaking any of the Ten Commandments, including heresy against Yahweh and the act of adultery. He notes that Jesus and his followers never repudiated such teachings in the New Testament. In Letter to a Christian Nation, Harris cites several quotes in the New Testament by Jesus himself which clearly do uphold adherence to the Old Testament prophets. Speaking at the New York Society for Ethical Culture in 2005, Harris said: "I've got news for you - I've read the books. God is not a moderate... There's no place in the books where God says, 'You know, when you get to the New World and you develop your three branches of government and you have a civil society, you can just jettison all the barbarism I recommended in the first books."^[17]

[edit] Morality and ethics

In regard to morality, Harris considers the time long overdue to reclaim the concept for rational secular humanism. Harris describes the supposed link between religious faith and morality as a myth, unsupported by current statistical evidence. He notes, for instance, that the highly secular Scandinavian countries are among the most generous in helping the developing world.

Harris goes further and posits that, far from being the source of our moral intuition, religion can yield highly problematic ethical positions. He cites several examples, including the Catholic prohibition against condom use aggravating the global AIDS epidemic, the attempts made by the US religious lobby to impede funding for embryonic stem-cell research, and the punitive nature of the US "war on drugs." He sees in these examples the tendency of religion to decouple moral judgments from focus on real human suffering. Harris also sees the influence of religion in most of America's "vice" laws. He writes that most of the laws outlawing pornography, sodomy, and prostitution are actually intended to combat "sin" rather than "crime."^[9]

While some feel that religion is necessary to give life meaning, and to instruct humanity on moral behavior, Harris makes the case that morality and ethics can be studied, and improved, without "presupposing anything on insufficient evidence."^[18] He states that humans "decide what is good in the Good Books", rather than deriving our moral code from scriptures. He praises the Golden Rule as one moral teaching that is "great, wise and compassionate." He contrasts that with biblical edicts directing that acts such as premarital sex, disobedience of one's parents, and the worship of "other gods" should be punished by death.^[9] Harris states that we have evolved in our thinking such that we understand that the Golden Rule is worth following while some commandments in other sections of the Bible are not. He also points out that even the Golden Rule is not unique to any one religion, and was taught by such figures as Confucius and Buddha centuries before the New Testament was written.

More controversially, Harris has put forward an argument questioning the relative morality of collateral damage and judicial torture during war. He reasons that, if we accept collateral damage when bombs are used in warfare, we have no reason to reject the use of torture. Indeed Harris argues that the former, involving the killing of innocent civilians, should be much more troubling to us than the torture of, for instance, a terrorist suspect. He claims that it is merely a function of our biological intuitions that suffering appears disproportionately unimportant when enacted impersonally. Harris notes that the deaths of civilians in Iraq and Afghanistan were both foreseeable and inevitable consequences of bombing the countries. However, the civilian casualties were seen as unfortunate but not so unacceptable as to prevent the attacks. Any suffering caused by the torture of people such as Al Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammed or Osama bin Laden, Harris argues, should pale in comparison to the deaths and injuries of comparatively innocent citizens. In a response to the controversy caused by this argument, Harris stated that "[I]f you think it is ever justifiable to drop bombs in an attempt to kill a man like Osama bin Laden (and thereby risk killing and maiming innocent men, women, and children), you should think it may sometimes be justifiable to "water-board" a man like Osama bin Laden."^[19] Ultimately, Harris maintains that torture should remain illegal, and that comparing torture with collateral damage does not cause him to see torture as "acceptable." However, he believes that discussion is needed on the coherence of our beliefs regarding the two.^[20][9]

[edit] Spirituality

Harris wishes to recapture spirituality for the domain of human reason. He draws inspiration from the practices of Eastern religion, in particular that of meditation, as described principally by Hindu and Buddhist practitioners. By paying close attention to moment-to-moment conscious experience, Harris suggests, it is possible to make our sense of "self" vanish and thereby uncover a new state of personal well-being. Moreover, Harris argues that such states of mind should be subjected to formal scientific investigation, without incorporating the myth and superstition that often accompanies meditational practice in the religious context. "There is clearly no greater obstacle to a truly empirical approach to spiritual experience than our current beliefs about God," he writes.^[9]

[edit] Criticism and debate

See also; The End of Faith

Harris has been criticized by some of his fellow contributors at The Huffington Post. In particular, RJ Eskow has accused him of fostering an intolerance towards faith, potentially as damaging as the religious fanaticism which he opposes.^[21][22] Margaret Wertheim also weighed in, contending that liberals should view Harris's account of religious faith "with considerable skepticism."^[23] On the other hand, Harris has received backing from Nina Burleigh^[24] and Richard Dawkins.^[25] In May 2006, Harris came under sustained attack in a featured article by Meera Nanda for New Humanist, in which she claimed that his analysis of religious extremism was flawed, and suggested that he was criticizing religion "for what seems to be his real goal: a defense, nay, a celebration of Harris' own Dzogchen Buddhist and Advaita Vedantic Hindu spirituality". Nanda stated that Harris failed to apply the same critical analysis to the eastern traditions as he applies to western religions, and she argues that the detachment from the Self in Hindu spirituality is part of the recipe for authoritarianism.^[26]

Scott Atran has criticized Harris for using what Atran considers to be an unscientific approach towards highlighting the role of belief in the psychology of suicide bombers. In the 2006 conference Beyond Belief, Atran confronted Harris for portraying a "caricature of Islam". Atran later followed up his comments in an online discussion for Edge.org in which he criticized Harris and others for using methods of combating religious dogmatism and faith which Atran believes are "scientifically baseless, psychologically uninformed, politically naïve, and counterproductive for goals we share."^[27]

In January 2007, Harris received criticism from John Gorenfeld writing for AlterNet.^[28] Gorenfeld took Harris to task for defending some of the findings of paranormal investigations into areas such as reincarnation and xenoglossy. He also strongly criticized Harris for his defense of judicial torture. Gorenfeld's critique was subsequently reflected by Robert Todd Carroll writing in the Skeptic's Dictionary.^[29] In response, Harris clarified his stance on his own website, denying that he had ever defended these views to the extent that Gorenfeld suggested.^[30] Shortly afterward, Harris engaged in a lengthy debate with Andrew Sullivan on the internet forum Beliefnet.^[31] In April 2007, Harris debated with the evangelical pastor Rick Warren for Newsweek magazine.^[32]

[edit] Writings and media appearances

Harris's writing focuses on neuroscience, philosophy, particularly philosophy of mind, and criticism of religion, for which he is best known. He blogs for the Washington Post, the Huffington Post, and Truthdig, and his articles have appeared in such publications as Newsweek, the Los Angeles Times, the Boston Globe, and British national newspaper The Times.^[33]

Harris has made numerous TV and radio appearances, including on The O'Reilly Factor, Tucker, Book TV, Day to Day, and The Colbert Report. In 2005, Harris appeared in the documentary film The God Who Wasn't There, directed by Brian Flemming. Harris speaks at various points in the movie, and then in a separate thirteen-minute interview with the director. Harris was a featured speaker at the 2006 conference Beyond Belief: Science, Religion, Reason and Survival. He made two presentations and participated in the ensuing panel discussions. Harris has also appeared a number of times on the Point of Inquiry radio podcast.

[edit] The Reason Project

In 2007/08, Sam Harris pioneered The Reason Project, a charitable foundation devoted to spreading scientific knowledge and secular values in society.^[34]

[edit] Books

• The End of Faith (2004). ISBN 0-393-03515-8
• Letter to a Christian Nation (2006). ISBN 0-307-26577-3

[edit] See also

Anthropology of religion Conversational intolerance Criticism of religion Metaphysical naturalism

Mysticism Neurotheology Philosophical realism Philosophy of religion

Psychology of religion Sociology of religion

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Official website
• The Reason Project
• On Faith articles
• Huffington Post articles
• Truthdig articles and interview
• Sam Harris in conversation with Oliver McTernan at NYPL (2007)
• Sam Harris debating Rabbi David Wolpe on Does God exist?
• Speaking at the 2007 Aspen Ideas Festival video
• Point of Inquiry audio interviews
• Lecture at New York Society for Ethical Culture - November 16, 2005:

Part 1 Part 2 Part 3

Part 4 Part 5 Part 6

• Free Inquiry articles:
  • Rational Mysticism
  • Selling Out Science
  • The Myth of Secular Moral Chaos
  • Reply to a Christian
  • Beyond the Believers

Neurology:

• Functional neuroimaging of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty – article by Sam Harris, Sameer A. Sheth and Mark S. Cohen
  • What Your Brain Looks Like on Faith at TIME.com

Persondata
NAME	Harris, Sam
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	American thinker, writer
DATE OF BIRTH	1967
PLACE OF BIRTH	United States
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH