Schwa
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In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa can mean:
- An unstressed and toneless neutral vowel sound in any language, often but not necessarily a mid-central vowel. Such vowels are often transcribed with the symbol /ə/, regardless of their actual phonetic value.
- The mid-central vowel sound (rounded or unrounded) in the middle of the vowel chart, stressed or unstressed. In IPA phonetic transcription, it is written as /ə/. In this case the term mid-central vowel may be used instead of schwa to avoid ambiguity.
- The Latin letter ə and the Cyrillic letter ә (see their respective articles).
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[edit] The term
The word "schwa" is from the Hebrew word שְׁוָא (šĕwā’, /ʃəˈwa/, modern pronunciation: /ʃva/), meaning "nought"—it originally referred to one of the niqqud vowel signs used with the Hebrew alphabet, which looks like a vertical pair of dots under a letter ("ְ") and which in modern Hebrew is pronounced either [ɛ] or not at all. This sign has two uses: one to indicate /e/ and one to indicate the complete absence of a vowel. These uses do not conflict because schwa is, in Hebrew, an epenthetic vowel, the equivalent of "no vowel at all".
[edit] Schwa as a neutral vowel
Sometimes the term "schwa" is used for any epenthetic vowel, even though different languages use different epenthetic vowels.
Schwa is the most common vowel sound in English, a reduced vowel in many unstressed syllables, especially if syllabic consonants are not used:
- like the 'a' in about [əˈbaʊt]
- like the 'e' in taken [ˈteɪkən]
- like the 'i' in pencil [ˈpɛnsəl]
- like the 'o' in eloquent [ˈɛləkwənt]
- like the 'u' in supply [səˈplaɪ]
- like the 'y' in sibyl [ˈsɪbəl]
Many British English (BrE) dialects have two schwa sounds, whereas many American English (AmE) dialects have only one. Schwa is a very short neutral vowel sound, and like all vowels, its precise quality varies depending on the adjacent consonants. In most varieties of English, schwa mostly occurs in unstressed syllables (exceptions include BrE concerted), but in New Zealand English and South African English the high front lax vowel (as in the word bit) has shifted open and back to sound like schwa, and these dialects include both stressed and unstressed schwas. In General American, schwa is one of the two vowel sounds that can be rhotacized. This sound is used in words with unstressed "er" syllables, such as dinner.
Quite a few languages have a sound similar to schwa. It is similar to a short French unaccented e, which in that language is rounded and less central, more like an open-mid or close-mid front rounded vowel. It is almost always unstressed, though Albanian, Bulgarian, and Afrikaans are three languages that allow stressed schwas. Many Caucasian languages and some Uralic languages (e.g. Komi) also use phonemic schwa, and allow schwas to be stressed. In Dutch, the vowel of the suffix -lijk, as in waarschijnlijk (probably) is pronounced as a schwa. In the Eastern dialects of Catalan, including the standard language variety, based in the dialect spoken in and around Barcelona, an unstressed "a" or "e" is pronounced as a schwa (called "vocal neutra", "neutral vowel"). In the dialects of Catalan spoken in the Balearic Islands, a stressed schwa can occur. Stressed schwa can occur in Romanian as in mătură [ˈməturə] ('broom').
Other spellings of the sound include ը in Armenian, ă in Romanian, and ë in Albanian and Turoyo.
[edit] Schwa indogermanicum
The term "schwa" is also used for vowels of uncertain quality (rather than neutral sound) in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. It was observed that, while for the most part a in Latin and Ancient Greek corresponds to a in Sanskrit, there are instances where Sanskrit has i while Latin and Greek have a, such as pitar (Sanskrit) vs pater (Latin and Ancient Greek). This postulated "schwa indogermanicum" evolved into the theory of the so-called laryngeals. Most scholars of Proto-Indo-European would now postulate three different phonemes rather than a single indistinct schwa. Some scholars postulate yet more, to explain further problems in the Proto-Indo-European vowel system. Most reconstructions of *-ə- in older literature would correspond to *-h2- in contemporary notation.
[edit] External links
- Marc van Oostendorp (1999). Schwa in Phonological Theory. Retrieved on 2008-01-29.
[edit] See also
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