John VIII Palaiologos

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John VIII Palaiologus, by Benozzo Gozzoli

John VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek Ιωάννης Η' Παλαιολόγος, Iōannēs VIII Palaiologos) (December 18, 1392 – October 31, 1448, Constantinople), was Byzantine Emperor from 1425 to 1448.

[edit] Life

Medal of the Emperor John VIII Palaiologos during his visit to Florence, by Pisanello (1438). The legend reads, in Greek: "Palaiologos John, King and Emperor of the Romans"

John VIII Palaiologos was the eldest son of Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragaš. He had been associated as co-emperor with his father before 1416 and became sole emperor in 1425.

In June 1422, John VIII Palaiologos had supervised the defense of Constantinople during a siege by Sultan Murad II, but had to accept the loss of Thessalonica which his brother Andronikos had given to Venice in 1423. To secure protection against the Ottomans, he visited Pope Eugene IV and consented to the union of the Greek and Roman churches- The union was ratified at the Council of Florence in 1439, which John attended with 700 followers including Patriarch Joseph II of Constantinople and George Gemistos Plethon, a Neoplatonist philosopher who was very influential among the academics of Italy. The church union failed due to opposition in Constantinople but by his prudent conduct towards the Ottoman Empire he succeeded in holding possession of the city.

John VIII Palaiologos named his brother Constantine XI, who had served as regent in Constantinople in 1437–1439, as his successor. Despite the machinations of his younger brother Demetrios Palaiologos his mother Helena was able to secure Constantine XI's succession in 1448.

[edit] Marriages

He was married three times, first to Anna of Moscow, daughter of Grand Prince Basil I of Moscow (1389–1425) and Sophia of Lithuania, in 1414. Wedding portrait

Then to Sophia of Montferrat in 1421. She was a daughter of Theodore II, Marquess of Montferrat and his second wife Joanna of Bar. Joanna was a daughter of Robert I, Duke of Bar and Marie Valois. Her maternal grandparents were John II of France and Bonne of Bohemia.

The last time to Maria of Trebizond in 1427. She was a daughter of Alexios IV of Trebizond and Theodora Kantakouzene. None of the marriages produced any children.

[edit] Representation in art

John VIII as Pontius Pilatus in Piero della Francesca's Flagellation

He was famously depicted by several painters on the occasion of his visit to Italy.[1] Perhaps the most famous of his portraits is the one by Benozzo Gozzoli, on the southern wall of the Magi Chapel, at the Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, in Florence. According to some interpretations, John VIII would be also portrayed in Piero della Francesca's Flagellation. A particularly fine portrait of John appears in a manuscript at the Monastery of St. Catherine at Sinaii [2].

[edit] Ancestry

[edit] References

• Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 1991.
• This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.