ᏎᎷ

From Wikipedia

?Maize
Cultivars of maize
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Liliopsida Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Genus: Zea Species: Z. mays
Binomial name
Zea mays L.

ᏎᎷ (Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ssp. ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mesoamerica. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ 16th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, Canada, ᎢᏤ Zealand, ᎠᎴ Australia, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ Ꮎ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ mealies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Africa. ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ varieties ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ heterosis ("ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ"). ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ genetically ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ varieties ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏎᎷ varieties ᎠᏛᏍᎬ 7 m (23 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 2.5 m (9 ft). Sweetcorn ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏠᎨᏏ-ᏎᎷ varieties.

Contents 1 ᏎᎷ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ 2 ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ 3 ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ 4 ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ 5 Pellagra 6 ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ 6.1 ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ 6.2 ᎥᏳᎩ 7 ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ 8 ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ 9 ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ 10 ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

[edit] ᏎᎷ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᏍᏔᎳᎾᎵ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ bamboo ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏫᏢ (ᏂᎯ) ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 20–30 cm (8–12 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ. ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ, 50–100 cm ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 5–10 cm ᎠᏯᏖᎾ (2–4 ft ᎾᎥᎢ 2–4 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ); ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ 2–3 m (7–10 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎯ, ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎦᏓᏘ-ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᏂᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᏏᎵᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ whorl ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎠᎴ elongated ᎤᏚᎯᏍᏛ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏍᏗᏰᎬ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᏎᎷ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏫᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ 2–4 ᏗᎦᎴᏂ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ techniques ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ rely ᎾᎿ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.9 (Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ stressed ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ).[1] ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ silage ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ denser ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎤᏙᎯᏳ varieties ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏓᏓᏂᎸᏣᏘ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ" Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Asian ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᏎᎷ cultivarᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᎦ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ > 50° F (10°C). ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏎᎷ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ-ᎢᎦ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᏎᎷ ᎠᏓᏠᏍᏗ.[2] ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ-ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ controlled genetically ᎠᎴ regulated ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ phytochrome iyahdvnelidasdi.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ, ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ pollen ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᏌᏊ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ consumed ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ, ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏏᎵᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ; ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ tougher ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ dries inedibility. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎦᎶᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎧᏲᏔᏅ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎾᏓᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᏩᎾᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏢᏍᎩ ᎠᎹ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ fused ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎦᏌᎴᎾ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ grasses. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ) ᎥᏝ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏒᏙᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᎦᎴᏂ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏔᎵ ᏅᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 10–25 cm (4–10 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ: blackish, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ-ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, ᎩᎦᎨ, ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᏎᎷ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎦᏔᏁᎦ, ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏤᎵ ᏤᎵ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏗᎪᏢᏅ baked ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ.

genetic ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ sweetcorn.

ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏎᎷ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎦᏒᏔᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, DIMBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-ᏌᏊ). DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎳ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ hydroxamic ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ benzoxazinoids) Ꮎ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, pathogenic fungi ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᎢ. DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ grasses, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ. ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ (bx) ᎦᎷᎶᎩ DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ fungi. DIMBOA ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎯᎠ European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Crambidae). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, DIMBOA ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ.

[edit] ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ classified ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ subspecies:

• ᎢᏒ ᏩᏂᎨ ᏎᎷ - Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ L. subsp. ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ Amylacea ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
• ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ - Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ L. subsp. ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ Everta ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
• ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏎᎷ - Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ L. subsp. ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ Indentata ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
• ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎳ ᏎᎷ - Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ L. subsp. ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ Indurata ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
• Sweetcorn - Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ L. subsp. ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ Saccharata ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
• ᎪᎢ ᏎᎷ - Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ L. ceratina Kuleshov
• Amylomaize - Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ
• ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏎᎷ - Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ L. var. tunicata Larrañaga ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ . ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Hil.

ᎪᎯ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ 60 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ multi-ᏂᏙᏓᎳᎬᎾ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏳᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. Agronomic ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ supplemented ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏓᎵᏂᎩᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ, cytological, ᏤᎵ ᎠᎴ DNA ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ. ᎾᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ (ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ), ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, racial complexes, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏱᎪᎯᎩ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ.

ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ 10 ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (n=10). ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ 1500 cM. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ "chromosomal ᎦᏂᏴᏗ". ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ repetitive heterochromatic ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᎪᎸᎬ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ polymorphic ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎢᏧᎳ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ teosinte. Barbara McClintock ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ markers ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ transposon ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ "ᏓᎵᏔᏕᎬ genes".

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ - ᎤᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ, funded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ agatohvsdi ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Illinois ᎾᎾᎢ Urbana-ᏂᎬᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ 80,000 ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ genes, ᎧᏁᏉᏨ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ gene ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ heritable variants. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 1000 chromosomal ᏧᎾᏍᏗ (e.g., ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ) ᎠᎴ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ (e.g., tetraploids). ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎮᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᏚᏂᎲ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ accessed ᎾᎾᎢ MaizeGDB, ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ Genomics ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005 ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎬᎾᏕᎾ agatohvsdi ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ (NSF), ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ (USDA) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎦᏣᏄᎳ) ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi consortium ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ genome. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ DNA ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᏞᎬᏊ ᎾᎾᎯ GenBank, ᏴᏫ ᎤᏁᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ genome-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ. Sequencing ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ genome ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎡᏆ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ genome ᎤᎭ 50,000–60,000 genes scattered ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ 2.5 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏗ – ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ DNA – Ꮎ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ Ꮝ 10 ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ. (ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ genome ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 2.9 ᎯᏍᎩ ᏗᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ 26,000 genes.)

[edit] ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ theories ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ:

1. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ Mexican ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ teosinte, Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ssp. parviglumis, ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎯᎠ Balsas ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Mexico, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 12% Ꮝ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ otsel igvnelv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ssp. mexicana ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ;
2. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ hybridization ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ maize—a ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏓ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ maize—and teosinte ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ Luxuriantes, ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ Z. luxurians ᎠᎴ Z. diploperennis;
3. ᎾᏍᎩ underwent ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ teosinte;
4. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ hybridization Z. diploperennis ᎾᎥᎢ Tripsacum dactyloides. (ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ "teosinte" ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ subspecies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Zea, ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ Zea ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ssp. ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ.) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1930s, Paul Mangelsdorf ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎫᏄᏡᏂ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ hybridization ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Tripsacum, ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ tripsacum (gama ᎧᏁᏍᎦ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ, negating Mangelsdorf’s ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ.

ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ (ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ hypotheses) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ. ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏕᎪᏏᏏ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ dauntingly ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ winner George ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1939, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ:

1. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. Zea originated,
2. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ tsuqagutanvsv digotsaledg digovhi 3500–2700 BC (uncorrected) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ teosinte,
3. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏱᎸᏓ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ teosinte ᎠᎴ ᏎᎷ ᎬᏙᏗ teosintoid ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ iyuwakodi ca. 1100 BC,
4. ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ researchers—ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᎩ, geneticists, ethnobotanists, geographers, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 7,500 12,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ (ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏛ). ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ occured 9000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ Mexico, ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ Oaxaca ᎠᎴ Jalisco.[3] ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ teosinte ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎯᎠ Balsas ᎤᏪᏴ. tsuqagutanvsv ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Guila Naquitz ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Oaxaca ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ, ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 6,250 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ (ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ; 3450 BC, uncorrected); ᎯᎠ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Tehuacan, Puebla, ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ca. 2750 BC. ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ iyuwakodi ca. 1100 BC ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mexican ᎤᏍᏔᎦᎳᏱ: ᏎᎷ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᎴ tsuqagutanvsv teosinte ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏓᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ.

ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1500 BC, ᏎᎷ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎢᏤ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ, ᎢᏤ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤ varieties ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ. ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Columbian ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨn, Mesoamerican, ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ, ᎠᎴ Caribbean ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ 1st ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ CE (ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ), ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Mexico ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. Southwest ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ northeastern Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎧᎸᎬ Canada, ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᎸᏌᏛᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎠᎴ grassland ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ. Gavin Menzies, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏪᎵ 1421 - ᎯᎠ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏛᏁᎸᏗ Ꮎ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ transplanted ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Chinese ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 15th sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ disputed [4]).

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ precipitated Ꮝ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ bi-ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, George ᎠᏍᏚᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ teosinte ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ "popped" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎭ argued Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ selective ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ intercrossing teosinte ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᎷ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ 500 1,000 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ southeastern ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ contributed ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ freshwater ᏓᎫᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ environmental ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ. [5]

[edit] ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ

Template:Agricultural production box

ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏐᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᏐᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, Brazil, France, Indonesia, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ Africa. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 600 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏂᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2003 – ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ diligwu ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004, ᎠᏍᏚᏗ 33 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ hectareᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ $23 ᎯᏍᎩ.

ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ-ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. Ꮝ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ C4 ᎦᎪᏘ (ᎦᎪᏘ Ꮎ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ C4 photosynthesis), ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎹ-ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ C3 ᎦᎪᏘᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ soybeans. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏁᏟᏴᏌᏘ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᏏᎵᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ pollination. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ predicted ᎢᏳᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ "ᎧᏂᎩᏂ-ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎫᏰᏉᏂ", ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ. ᏎᎷ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ silage ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ. ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᏅᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ", ᎤᎶᏐᏅ pollination ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ. ᏠᎨᏏ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested iyuwakodi ᎪᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᎯᏌᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Africa, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᏓᏣᏁᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎪᏄᎳ ᎾᎥᎢ causing ᏎᎷ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ.

ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᎸ: tuyaᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏍᏆᏏes ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎦᏚᏏ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏚᏏ 60–120 cm (2–4 ft) ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ 3 ᎠᎴ 4 ᎤᎦᏔ, ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ technique ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎥᏓᏗᏎᎸᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏗᎦᏚᏏ ᎨᏒᎩ nanahwunvgi 40 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᎦᎴᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ 10–12 cm (4–5 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ technique digakohidi ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ-ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ nitrogen-ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᎠᎴ soybeanᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏦᎢᏁ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ, ᎪᎳ ᎤᏣᎴᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ Ꮭ-ᎩᎳ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ kanquotsegi ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏎᎷ cultivars ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Canada ᎠᎴ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ. ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ genetically ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ biotechnology ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ agronomic ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏚᎸᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ.

ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ harvested ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ. ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏂᏕᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏌᏊ- ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ-ᎤᏓᏅᏅ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ pickers ᎨᏒᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ iyuwakodi ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏄᏩ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏬᏰᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏙᏗ picker, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎨᏒᎢ harvested ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏥᏰᎶᎲ ᏎᎷ sheller ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ. ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ganahlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ ᏎᎷ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ-ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏚᏂᎬᏩᎶᏔᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ (ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᏗᏲᏛᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏗᏆᎴᏴᏍᏙᏗ) ᏗᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ alenvdidsv ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᏎᎷ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎴᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏢᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏄᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ.

[edit] Pellagra

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏒᏗ enthusiastically ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎶᎩᏍᎩ ᏂᎬᎾᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ productivity. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ malnutrition ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᏚᎴᏅ ᎾᎿᏇ ᏱᎾᎩ ᏎᎷ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ. ᎪᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ malnutrition ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ.^{[citation needed]}

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏓ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ alkali---ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎦᏍᏚ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ (calcium carbonate) ᏄᎾᏛᏅ Mesoamericans---ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ B-vitamin niacin, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ underlying ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pellagra. ᎪᎯ alkali ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ Nahuatl (Aztec)-derived ᏚᏙᎥ: nixtamalization.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ niacin, pellagra ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᏔᎵ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ amino ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏎᎷ, lysine ᎠᎴ tryptophan. Nixtamalization ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ lysine ᎠᎴ tryptophan ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ ᏎᎷ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏕᎶᏆᎥ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏚᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏤᎵ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ amaranth ᎠᎴ chia, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ amino ᏧᏄᏦᏍᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏤᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ cultural ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎯᎠ utugi gvsv ᎾᎿ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ alkali ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎬᎾᏔᏅᎯ, pellagra disappeared. ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ lysine ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎪᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ contributed Ꮝ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ.

[edit] ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᏎᎷ

[edit] ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ

• ᏎᎷ earworm (Helicoverpa zea)
• ᎤᎶᏒᎩ armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)
• ᏧᏣᏔᏊ armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta)
• ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (Papaipema nebris)
• ᏎᎷ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ (Rhopalosiphum maidis)
• European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (Ostrinia nubilalis) (ECB)
• ᏎᎷ silkfly (Euxesta stigmatis)
• adatolasdisgi cornstalk ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ (Elasmopalpus lignosellus)
• ᏎᎷ delphacid (Peregrinus maidis)

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏎᎷ ᎯᎠ European ᏎᎷ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ losses, ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ transgenic Bt ᏎᎷ ᏂᎦᏪᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin. Bt ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎪᎯᏳᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe.

[edit] ᎥᏳᎩ

• ᏎᎷ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎤᎳᏏᎬᎢ (Ustilago maydis): fungal ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Mexico ᏥᏄᏍᏗ huitlacoche, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ prized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ.
• ᏎᎷ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ
• Stewart ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ (Pantoea stewartii)
• ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏧᏓᏗᎩᏓ (Puccinia sorghi)
• Goss ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᏛᎾᏨ (Clavibacter michiganese)
• ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ
• Mal ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Río Cuarto ᎥᏳᎩ (MRCV)

[edit] ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ Canada, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ganahlai, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, silage ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ. Silage ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ chopped ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ cornstalks. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ hydrolyzed ᎠᎴ enzymatically ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ fructose ᏎᎷ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ, sweetener, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ fermented ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ. ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ ᏫᏍᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ bourbon ᏫᏍᎩ. kanquotsegi ethanol ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ (10% ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᏐᎵᏂ (gasohol) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ octane ᏓᏂᎬᏩᎶᏗᏍᎬ, ᎡᎳᏗᎨ pollutants, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎪᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ.

ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎴ cornmeal ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ: ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ polenta Italy ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ mămăligă Romania ᏩᏂᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ sadza, nshima, ugali ᎠᎴ mealie ᏂᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ tortilla ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ Mexican ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ chicha, fermented ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.

Sweetcorn ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏍᏓᎦᏯᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ. ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ varieties Ꮎ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᏎᎷ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎮᎾ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᎠᎴ bleached ᎬᏙᏗ ᎣᎳ ᎤᎥola uvysdi; ᎠᎴ ᏁᏩᏛ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ bleached ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏎᎷ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᏭᏓᏁᎸᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ. ᏄᏓᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏎᎷ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏎᎷ (cornflour ᎠᎴ masa) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏣᎷᎦ ᎠᎴ Mexican tortillas. Teosinte ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏎᎳᏬᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ popped ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏔᏍᎩᏍᎩ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭᏊ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏬᏚ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ coloured ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ colourful ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ, ᏂᎬᎢ-ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ varieties, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ 31 ft (9m) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ [6][Evening Journal; Washington, Iowa; 1946], ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ 24 ᎢᏯᏏᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ [Journal of Heredity, 1924], ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi.

ᏎᎷ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, .k.. ᏎᎷ ᎤᏥᏣᎷ

Image:Cornsilk 7091.jpg ᏎᎷ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, .k.. ᏎᎷ ᏏᎵᎩ

Corncobs ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ hollowed atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎪᎦᏍᎬ ᎦᏅᎾᏩ, ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏢᏅᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1869. ᏎᎷ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ biomass ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ-ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎩᏛ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᏎᎷ ᏚᎷᏍᏘ (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏔᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ) ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ.

ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏎᎷ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎳᏍᏗ gantlai ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ Adrian Fisher, ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎦᎪ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Pennsylvania ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1993. ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎥᏓᏓᎫᏴᎡᏗᏱ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏎᎷ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏝᏅᎯ atsinuqowisgv ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ GPS ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᎷ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎬᏯᏗᏢ vistor ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎨᏱ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Canada ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ "ᏎᎷ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ" ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎦᎶᎩᏍᎬ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1983, Barbara McClintock ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ Nobel ᎠᏌᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ transposons ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ ᏎᎷ. ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.

ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ biomass ᎪᏛᏙᏗ. biomass ᏙᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Strem ᎾᎥᏂᎨ Güssing, Burgenland, Austria ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎴᏅᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005. ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ diesel atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ biogas ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ Fischer Tropsch ᎢᎬᎾᏗ.

ᏎᎷ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏃᎮᎾ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ.

[edit] ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ

• ᏤᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ
• Detasseling
• ᎥᏝ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ
• Zein

[edit] ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ

• Ferro, D.N. ᎠᎴ Weber, D.C. Managing Sweet Corn Pests in Massachusetts
• ITIS 42268 ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 22 ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 2002
• A list of Zea taxonomic names ᎪᎯ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ taxonomists. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ Ꮭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᏏᏴᏫ-gene ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅᎯ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ entries ᎦᏅᎯᏓ. ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ.

[edit] ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

• NCGA Corn Industry Statistics
• Image of Zea mays from Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz
• Zea mays at Plants For A Future
• Usage of Iowa and U.S. Corn Crop
• How a Corn Plant Develops
• Maize Genetics and Genomics Database project
• International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
• Maize of Guatemala

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