美國航空11號班機

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美國航空11號班機

摘要
日期	2001年9月11日
類型	劫機
發生地	紐約世界貿易中心北座
罹難	機上：92人 地面：1,366人
飛機
機型	波音767-223ER
經營者	美國航空
起飛地	洛根國際機場
目的地	洛杉磯國際機場
飛機註冊編號	N334AA
乘客	81（包括5名劫機者）
機組人員	11
生還者	0

美國航空11號班機是九一一恐怖襲擊事件中首架被騎劫的客機，是一架美國航空的波音767-223ER客機，機身編號N334AA^[1]，當時正由波士頓洛根國際機場前往洛杉磯國際機場。該航班遭五名劫機者脅持，最後於早上8時46分撞擊紐約世界貿易中心北座大樓。當天所有被騎劫的四架客機中，11號班機上的遇難人數最多，達92人。

目录 1 劫機者 2 航機 2.1 劫機 2.2 電話通話 3 撞機 3.1 死難者 4 NORAD response 5 現時航班 6 參考 7 外部連結

[编辑] 劫機者

有五名劫機者登上11號班機：^[2]

• Muhammad `Ata as-Sayyid (埃及人) - 機師及領袖，坐於8D號座位上
• Waleed al-Shehri (沙烏地阿拉伯人) - 座於2B號座位
• Wail al-Shehri (沙烏地阿拉伯人) - 座於2A號座位，於Waleed旁
• Abdulaziz al-Omari (沙烏地阿拉伯人) - 座於8G號座位，之前和Atta坐飛機從緬因州的波特蘭到波士頓羅根國際機場
• Satam al-Suqami (沙烏地阿拉伯人) - 在該天支付現金，座於10B號座位。他也刺傷了一位想要抵抗的旅客。

當中四名劫機者被CAPPS額外檢查袋中是否有爆炸物。Mohamed Atta was selected when he checked in at Portland International Jetport, while Satam al-Suqami, Wail al-Shehri, and Waleed al-Shehri were selected in Boston. Since Waleed had checked no bags, CAPPS screening had no effect on him, while the others merely had their bags undergo extra screening. CAPPS selectees did not undergo any extra scrutiny at the passenger security checkpoint.^[3]

[编辑] 航機

根據航空公司的班次表，客機原定於上午7時45分起飛^[4]，但因為登機程序落後進度（在預訂起飛的時間，劫機者Mohamed Atta及Abdulaziz Alomari仍然正在辦理登機手續。）而需要延遲。匆忙之間，Atta的行李並沒有被放上飛機^[5]。

客機從26號登機閘門出發^[6]，並於上午7時59分使用04R（Right）跑道起飛，較原定時間延遲14分鐘。^[7]上午8時13分29秒，當客機在麻薩諸塞州中部爬升至26,000呎的時候，機員按照波士頓航空交通管制中心的指示，將客機航向右轉20度。^[7]。18秒後，波士頓航管中心指示航機繼續爬升至35,000呎，但航機沒有回覆指示和依照指示飛行。^[7]上午8時16分，客機於29,000呎停止爬升。^[7]

[编辑] 劫機

九一一調查委員會估計劫機人士在8時14分開始行動。^[8] John Ogonowski（機長）及Thomas McGuinness（副機長）在飛機被持劫前操控飛機。一段短時間後，飛機開始脫離原定的航道。波士頓航空控制中心多次與航機聯絡，但客機均沒有回應。^[8]上午8時21分，航機中止傳送C模式詢答機訊號。^[7]

上午8時23分38秒，Atta嘗試向乘客發佈消息，他卻按錯按鈕送到波士頓中心。^[9]航空管理局聽到了Atta的發言：「我們劫持了一些飛機，你們只要安靜就不會有事。我們現在正在返回機場。」8時24分56秒，他說：「大家都不要動，不要動就會沒事。如果你動的話，你將危及整架飛機。保持安靜就好。」^[7] Atta還是以為他只有在跟乘客講話。當時，他的聲音已被塔台錄下來。上午8點26分, 飛機大約位於Voorheesville, New York的時候，做了一個100度的大轉彎向紐約前進。^[10]上午8時33分59秒，Atta說：「請大家都不要動，我們正在返回機場，請不要做任何蠢事。」8時37分08秒，聯合航空175號班機的機組人員 verified to flight control's regarding on AA11's location and heading. 上午8點37分，飛機開始由29,000英尺以3,200英尺/分的時速下降，並在8點43分做了最後一個轉彎向曼哈頓前進^[7]

[编辑] 電話通話

Flight attendants Madeline Amy Sweeney and Betty Ong supplied information on what happened. According to them, three people – two attendants (Karen Martin and Barbara Arestegui) and a passenger – were stabbed or had their throats slashed by the hijackers. 其中一名乘客是Daniel Lewin是互聯網企業家，had also previously served as an officer in the elite Sayeret Matkal unit of the Israeli military. It is unknown if the hijackers targeted him specifically because he was Israeli or if by coincidence. A 2002 FAA memo referenced Lewin as possibly being killed by Satam al-Suqami after he attempted to stop the hijacking. Apparently, Lewin, seated in 9B, was attacked by al-Suqami, who was sitting immediately behind him in seat 10B. Betty Ong provided details to American Airlines' operations center. 在4分鐘電話通話中，she provided information regarding lack of communication with the cockpit, lack of access to the cockpit, and passenger injuries.^[11] She provided the seat locations of the hijackers, which helped to determine their identities.^[12]

[编辑] 撞機

9月11日上午8時46分40秒^[7]，11號班機故意撞向世界貿易中心北座大樓正面。飛機當時正以大約466英哩（750公里）撞上第93層至99層，機上大約還有10,000加侖的可燃性航空用油^[13]

這是911恐怖襲擊中第一宗事件。機上所有人員死亡，包括了11名機員，76名乘客及5名劫機者。目擊證人包括行人及司機。

傳媒首次報導爆炸的消息是在上午8時49分，CNN插播廣告，標題為World Trade Center Disaster。Carol Lin是第一個報導此事件的主播，她說：

Yeah. This just in. You are looking at obviously a very disturbing live shot there. That is the World Trade Center, and we have unconfirmed reports this morning that a plane has crashed into one of the towers of the World Trade Center. CNN Center right now is just beginning to work on this story, obviously calling our sources and trying to figure out exactly what happened, but clearly something relatively devastating happening this morning there on the south end of the island of Manhattan. That is once again, a picture of one of the towers of the World Trade Center.

^[13]

不久,，Sean Murtagh, CNN vice-president of finance, in an on-air phone call, said from his office in the CNN New York bureau that a large passenger commercial jet hit the World Trade Center. Eventually, all other TV networks interrupted regular broadcasting with news of the crash. Initial news reports speculated the crash as a terrible accident 直到17分鐘後聯合航空175號班機撞上世界貿易中心南座大樓。

Jules Naudet，一位法國籍的攝影師，和Pavel Hlava,一位捷克籍的移民者，兩個人都拍攝到飛機撞上北座大樓。^[14] 一個由Wolfgang Staehle在Brooklyn的美術博物館安裝的攝影機美四秒鐘拍攝一張Lower Manhattan的照片， 剛好拍到了美國航空11號班機撞上北座大樓.^[15]

[编辑] 死難者

The damage caused by the impact destroyed any means of escape from above the impact zone. All stairwells and elevator shafts that would have taken victims down to safety were destroyed, unlike the South Tower which (because it was hit at an angle and not towards the center) still had one functional stairwell after impact. 1366人在飛機衝撞的樓層或之上。根據the Commission Report, 數百人在飛機撞擊時立即死亡。^[16]剩餘的被困住，不是從大樓上跳下來，就是燒死和因結構倒塌而死亡。

Cantor Fitzgerald L.P.，一個位於世貿大廈北座101到105樓的投資銀行，658名員工死亡，比任何一個雇主還多。亦有救援人員 (兩座大樓加起來為400人，多數是來自FDNY)在於大樓倒塌之時。

當中包括了部份著名乘客：

• David Angell，美國電視節目製作人（1946年出生）
• Berry Berenson，美國演員及攝影師（1948年出生）
• Carolyn Beug音樂視像製作人（1953年出生）
• Charles Edward Jones，太空軍事家（1952年出生）
• Daniel Lewin，Akamai創辦人之一（1970年出生）

還有，動畫節目居家男人創作人Seth MacFarlane，原定乘坐此航班，因為誤會而錯過乘坐航班。他登記的旅行社告訴他航班在8時15分出發，但實際上是7:45分出發，他到達的時候航班已經完成登機程序。^[17]

The passenger manifest for American Airlines Flight 11 indicates Mohammad Atta was not on the flight, who was reported to have been in seat 9D. The passenger identified in seat 9D on the manifest was Daniel M. Lewin according to an FOIA copy of the manifest made available by the Boston Globe two days after September 11th.^{zh-hans:;zh-hant:[來源請求]}

飛機衝擊造成大規模的傷害，it was the long-lasting fire, starting with burning jet fuel, that is blamed for the structural failure of the North Tower. Many have speculated that this is why the hijackers chose to use this fully fueled transcontinental flight. The centralized-support design (in the center core and exterior walls, instead of throughout) of the towers was designed to withstand multiple jet impacts according to on site WTC construction manager, Frank A. Demartini. In a later recording, Osama bin Laden seems to take credit for the attack and states that he did not expect the towers would collapse.

另見：Collapse of the World Trade Center

[编辑] NORAD response

The Federal Aviation Administration's Boston Air Traffic Control Center was responsible for monitoring American Airlines Flight 11, as it departed from Logan. After repeated attempts to contact the aircraft, along with transmissions from the plane "we have some planes.", the air traffic controller knew this was a hijacking. He alerted his supervisor, who then began notifying the chain of command of the hijacking, and that the flight was heading into the New York Center's airspace. At 8:32 a.m., the FAA Command Center in Herndon, Virginia notified FAA headquarters.^[8]

上午8:37:52，波士頓控制中心bypassed standard protocols and directly contacted NORAD's Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) in Rome, New York.^[8] NEADS called on two F-15 fighter jets at Otis Air Force Base in Falmouth, Massachusetts to scramble, intending to intercept Flight 11. The F-15 fighters took off from Otis at 8:46 a.m.^[8] 這時間，11號型機已經撞向世界貿易中心。

Because Flight 11's transponder was off, United States Air Force pilots did not know which direction to travel to meet the plane. NEADS spent the next several minutes watching their radar screens in anticipation of Flight 11 returning a radar contact. The nine minutes of advanced notification about the hijacking of Flight 11 was the most that NORAD received out of the four hijacked aircraft on 9/11.^[18]

[编辑] 現時航班

事件後美國航空以25號取代了航班的原有編號，這班航班此後改以波音757營運。洛根國際機場的26號登機閘門頂部則掛上美國國旗，以紀念這次事件。^[19]

[编辑] 參考

[编辑] 外部連結

• The Final 9/11 Commission Report
• 9-11 NTSB Report
• American Airlines Flight 11 manifest
• Picture of aircraft Pre 9/11
• 2001年9月11日archive of American Airlines site explaining that all aircraft are accounted for [2]
• 2001年9月12日 archive of American Airlines site with condolences for deceased [3]
• Victims of the American Airlines Flight 11