水上滑行
维基百科，自由的百科全书
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水上滑行 俗称为滑水，是一项竞技性运动，但也可作为休闲性运动。始兴于1922年，现在欧美、澳大利亚等国家比较流行。在这些国家每年都有相应的竞赛以鼓励人们参加此项运动。
Standard water skis were originally made of wood but now are usually constructed out of fiberglass-based composites. They are of similar length to downhill snow skis but are somewhat wider. Instead of a rigid binding, they have rubber molded binding, in which the skier's feet are placed. Skiers are pulled along by a rope with a handle fitted at one end and attached to a powerboat at the other.
Recreational skiers usually learn to ski with a ski on each foot, but as they improve usually progress to using a single ski, placing the other foot into another binding behind the main one. Beginners on two skis are usually pulled along at around 25-35 kilometers per hour, whereas more advanced social skiers travel at between 40 and 55 kilometers per hour - once confidence is gained it is actually easier to travel faster than at slower speeds because of the greater lift and stability.
Within the confines of being pulled along by the boat, skiers can control their direction by balancing their weight on different sides of their ski. This is used to zip back and forth behind the boat.
A variation of the sport, barefoot skiing, as the name suggests involves water skiing without the aid of skis. Since the feet of the skier serve as the platform to lift the skier out of the water, the boat is required to pull the skier at a dramatically faster speed. Barefoot skiing is done at speeds between 60 and 100 kilometers per hour.
Another variation of the sport is Water Ski Racing which takes water skiing into a typical racing environment.
Several new sports have been invented that involve being towed behind a boat. They include wakeboarding and kneeboarding. Some other water sports are wakeskating, hydrofoiling, trick skiing, and ski jumping.
[编辑] 滑水简史
滑水运动最早发展于美国明尼苏达州湖滨城（Lake City）。年仅十八岁的青年Ralph Samuelson突发奇想，创造了由机动艇拖带人在水上滑行。
His first attempt was on June 28, 1922 while riding on barrel staves and being towed by his brother Ben. His first attempt was a failure. He skied for several yards before he fell into the water. On his second attempt, he used snow skis while being towed behind a motor boat powered by a converted Saxon truck engine.
On July 2, he purchased two boards and used leather straps. Samuelson was finally successful after leaning backwards in the water, with ski tips slanted upward. Afterwards, he showed sports enthusiasts in some exhibitions around the state of Minnesota his feat of skiing on water.
[编辑] 竞赛滑水
[编辑] Slalom
| Rope Length | Colour |
| 18.25m | |
| 16m | |
| 14.25m | |
| 13m | |
| 12m | |
| 11.25m | |
| 10.75m | |
| 10.25m | |
| 9.75m | |
| 9.50m |
Slalom most resembles recreational water skiing. In it, six buoys are set up, three on each side of a centre line, along which the boat travels. There are two entrance gate and two exit gate buoys. The boat drives through the middle of the buoys, and the skier must pass to the outside of each buoy, the first being to the right of the centre line. The skier must also pass through the entrance and exit gates. The contest is run in a number of passes, in which first the speed is increased in the steps 43, 46, 49, 52, 55 and finally 58 km/h (the maximum speed at women's contests is 55 km/h). In elite tournaments, some or all of the speed increment passes may be omitted, in which case the tournament may start at the speed of 52, 55 or 58 km/h for men, and 49, 52 or 55 km/h for women. The next phase is to gradually shorten the tow line in fixed decrements (sometimes referred to as "X off", where X is the number of feet taken off the original full tow line length of 75'). At its shortest, the tow line is shorter than the shortest distance from the track center to each buoy.
The winner of the contest is the individual who can complete going round the most buoys with the shortest tow line after first completing a run of all six buoys and gates at the previous tow line length.
Tournament tow lines have loops spliced into the line at given distances from the handle to facilitate quick and correct change of length. The loops may be color coded to help differentiate between them. If the rope is color coded, the following sequence must be used for the respective length:
[编辑] Trick skiing
Trick skiing is performed using one or two very short finless skis rather than the conventional gear. In it, skiers try to perform tricks somewhat similar to those of gymnasts while being pulled along by the boat. In competitions skiers have two twenty second passes (only one in collegieate waterskiing) in which they attempt to perform as many tricks as they can. Trick skiing is judged by a number (usually 3 or 5) judges that watch the skier from on shore. Points are awarded for each successful trick according to the difficulty of the tricks performed and the accuracy of execution. The winner of the competition is the person who accumulates the largest number of points.
[编辑] 跳跃滑水
The ski jump is performed on two long skis similar to those a beginner uses, with a specialized tailfin that is somewhat shorter and much wider (so it will support the weight of the skier when he is on the jump ramp.) Skiers towed behind a boat at fixed speed, manoever to achieve the maximum speed when hitting a ramp floating in the water, launching themselves into the air with the goal of travelling as far as possible before touching the water. Professional ski jumpers can travel up to 70 meters. The skier must successfully land and retain control of the ski rope to be awarded the distance. Freddy Krueger is currently the world record holder, jumping 243 feet. In show skiing most people don't go for distance but for tricks such as a gainer(backflip). They also put multiple people on the ramp and if they are good enough they can perform a pinwheel(one guy does a gainer, one guy does a frontflip, and the other guy does a heli). [1].
[编辑] 速度滑水
A Water Ski Racing team consists of a boat driver, an observer and a skier. The driver will tow the skier behind a powerboat, varying the speed as different water conditions are encountered, according to the driver's knowledge of the skier, the observer's ability to read the skier and the signals which the skier gives to the driver. Novices who have not progressed onto a mono ski, can race on a pair, although it is far easier to compete on a single ski, once learned. A "race ski" is normally between 7 and 8ft in length with 2 full boot bindings.
The length of the ski line will depend on the length & power of boat you are skiing behind, the water conditions and the kind of speed you anticipate racing at on that particular day. The aim is for the skier to be skiing on the "best water" there is behind the boat, whilst avoiding the line dipping into the water or becoming slack. Most ski racers nowadays use the "wrapped" position, which involves the skier using two handles which go around each side of the body, to be held together with one hand at the top of the backside. The skier sits into this harness and reaches forward with the other hand, to hold a third handle or rope knot, positioned at arms length away. This technique transfers the strain from the arms and lower back, to the upper legs. It was discovered by an Australian named Terry Bennett and it enabled him to endure higher speeds for greater periods of time.
Water ski races can take place over a set distance or a period of time and can range from a few minutes to over one hour in duration. Skiers start at the same time or at intervals ranging from 15 to 60 seconds.
The skier has to be physically fit enough to compete successfully in his or her category. Observers need excellent concentration and will relay signals from the skier to the driver, "read" the skier in order to optimise his/her performance and keep the driver informed of other boats and skiers which may be approaching or close by. The driver will take the team around the course, listening to the observer and using his own judgment on speed a line of direction.
These events take place on rivers, lakes, canals and open sea water. One such event held at Echuca on the Murray River, Australia is the Southern 80. Skiers and boats typically average 160 km/h over the 80 kilometre course. The 2007 race was won by a boat called Stinga which completed the course in 19:27.43 minutes, reaching speeds of up to 154.241 km/h and beating last year's winner, Hellbent, by 25 seconds.[2].
[编辑] 花样滑水
Competitive show skiing by amateur ski clubs has been around for many decades, with its highest popularity in the Midwest, especially Wisconsin. A Water ski show usually involves an entertaining theme, announcer(s)/characters, music, multiple boats, and a variety of acts including jumping, swiveling, ballet line, barefooting, doubles, wakeboarding, and the popular pyramids. In a tournament, teams have one hour to perform their show. A panel of judges decide the outcome. Scoring involves the difficulty, crowd appeal, flow, and execution of each act. Also scored are sound/announcing, boat driving, safety-boat driving, dock and equipment, showmanship, and the overall show as a whole. The Rock Aqua Jays Water Ski Team of Janesville, Wisconsin are one of the most successful amateur water ski clubs, with 15 national titles to their credit; they originated the National Show Ski championships, which are frequently held in Janesville. Another good team is the Aquanuts based in Twin lakes wisconsin. They have many great skiers. Year after year they place within the top 5 in nationals. They have the best Trick skier Dany Amir. Their junior team is amazing as well. The junior team like the regular team focuses on building teamwork and showmanship skills. The only difference is that they don't compete.
[编辑] 外部链接（目前全是英语）
- International Water Ski Federation
- Hickok Sports.com World Water Skiing Champions
- The American Water Ski Education Foundation Hall of Fame
- Water Ski Magazine
- A Brief History of Show Skiing
- USA Water Ski
- Fantasy Water Ski Game
- E.A.M.E. Results (Unofficial)
- TournamentWaterSki.com - Water Ski Tournament Results and History
- World Water Ski Racing
- National Water Ski Racing Association
