室內美式足球
维基百科，自由的百科全书
室內美式足球（Arena Football）是由前合眾國美式足球聯盟（United States Football League）和國家美式足球聯盟（National Football League）主管吉姆·佛斯特所發明的運動。當他在1981年於麥迪遜花園廣場（Madison Square Garden）觀賞一場室內足球（Indoor Soccer）比賽時，他發明了這項運動的幾項基本規則。在之後的五年內，他持續修正這些規則，並且舉辦一些測試比賽，直到他準備好於1987年成立室內美式足球聯盟(Arena Football League，AFL)。聯盟於2000年產生了一個稱作af2的小聯盟。其它人開始成立他們自己的室內美式足球聯盟。這些聯盟技術上來說因為佛斯特在1990年獲得的規則專利因素（特別是在rebound nets [1]） ，並不是在打室內美式足球（實際上由Gridiron Enterprises所擁有）。
目录 |
[编辑] 比賽規則
室內美式足球與美式足球是兩個非常相近的運動，因此室內美式足球聯盟和國家美式足球聯盟規則間的不同僅限於依據縮小場地而定的規則。除了縮小版的場地尺寸外，其他規則依據快節奏和高比分的目的而改變。
[编辑] 場地
圍場美式足球只在室內舉行比賽，通常這些場館是設計給籃球或是冰上曲棍球使用的。場地的寬度跟[[國 家冰球聯盟]]冰球場（National Hockey League）是同樣的寬度（85呎）。球場長度為50碼加上兩個8碼的達陣區。依據球場的使用運動，達陣區可能是矩形的（如籃球場）或是曲形的（如冰球場）。 There is a heavily padded wall on each sideline, with the padding placed on top of the hockey dasher boards. The field goal uprights are 9 feet wide, and the crossbar is 15 feet above the playing surface. Taut rebound nets on either side of the posts bounce any missed field goals back into the field of play. The ball is "live" when rebounding off these nets or their support apparatuses.
A player is not counted as out of bounds on the sidelines unless they are pushed into or fall over the boundary wall.
[编辑] 球員
每隊共有8名上陣球員以及20名登錄球員。球員必定為攻擊及防守，除了四分衛及踢球員例外，一名專門攻擊球員以兩名專門防守球員（外接員/跑鋒組合及後衛）
[编辑] 替補規則
2007年球季前資料
Other than specialists and kickers, a player may enter the game once per quarter. For players who start the quarter，被替換一次後可以有一次進場機會。如球員再度進場後被更換，球員不能回到比賽範圍。
如果球場進行換替， from the moment he leaves the player is considered "dead" and cannot return to play until the designated time is served.
- For two-way players "dead" time is one quarter
- For specialists "dead" time is one half
Exception: a "dead" player may participate on kickoffs, or as long snapper or holder. In 2006, the AFL changed its substitution rules such that free substitutions are now allowed on all kickoffs.
2007年的新規則
The most significant change is the introduction of free substitution. Previously, AFL coaches were limited to one substitution per position per quarter. Beginning with the 2007 season, coaches will be permitted to substitute players at will.
The league and some fans stance is that free substitution will improve the overall quality of football in the league by giving coaches with the freedom to put their best players on the field for every play of the game, and that teams will be able to select from a wider player talent pool when building their rosters. Many fans and players though believe the rule changes are the beginning of the removal of the "Ironman" (2-way offense & defense) style of play of Arena Football that the league has actively promoted for 20 seasons, and that removing the Ironman style of play takes away a key component of what makes Arena Football a distinctive sport over other versions of football (NFL, CFL, other indoor leagues, etc).
[编辑] 編制
四名進攻球隊必需在比賽線上陣，line of scrimmage at the snap. One offensive player may be moving forward at the time of the snap. Three defensive players must be in a three- or four-point stance at the start of the snap. Two defenders serve as linebackers called the mac and the jack. The mac may blitz from the side of the line opposite the offensive tight end. The jack cannot blitz and cannot drop back into coverage until the ball is thrown or the quarterback is no longer in the pocket. The jack must stay within the box designated by the outside shoulders of the offensive line, the line of scrimmage, and 5 yards back from the line of scrimmage.
[编辑] 球的移動
皮球由得分線開踢。The team with the ball is given four downs to gain ten yards or score. Punting is illegal because of the size of the playing field. 一個接球員去接球。Passes that bounce off the rebound nets remain live. Balls that bounce off the padded walls that surround the field are live; the end zone walls were not live until the 2006 season. The defending team may return field goal attempts that bounce off the rebound nets.
[编辑] 得分
得分規則與NFL一樣，with the addition of a drop kick field goal worth four points during normal play or two points as a post-touchdown conversion. Blocked extra points and turnovers on two-point conversion attempts may be returned by the defensive team for two points.
[编辑] 時間
[编辑] 現行時間規則
時鐘可以以走出界外、不成功傳球或sack只在每半場最後一分鐘停止(there is only a one-minute warning, as opposed to the two-minute warning in the NFL)另有犯規、受傷及暫停可停止時間。時間亦會在攻守交換時停止，until the ball is marked ready for play; for example, aside from in a half's final minute, time continues to run down after a touchdown, but stops after an extra point or two-point conversion attempt.如在完場出現達陣，an untimed conversion attempt takes place.每半場共15分鐘，進攻時鐘為35秒， starting at the end of the previous play.
在第四節最後一分鐘，如果進攻隊伍無法突破進攻線，時間將會停頓。這個防止進攻隊伍故意將皮球趺下，使時間不斷流走，這相對於室內賽的缺點。
在延長賽，每隊可以有一次得分機會。如果其中一隊得分，而另一隊失去得分機者，為前者勝。If the teams are tied after each has had a possession, the next team to score ("sudden death") wins. 每個延長賽節數是15分鐘，直到仍未能分高下為止。
[编辑] 過去時間規則的改變
2006年球季以前，有15分鐘延長賽，如果在延長賽仍然是平手，雙方的記錄仍是打和，AFL在2006年球季改變規則後仍有兩場平手的比賽：
- 1998年7月14日：Chicago Bruisers 37, Los Angeles Cobras 37（延長賽分兩節，每節為7分鐘30秒）
- 2005年4月8日：Nashville Kats 41, Dallas Desperados 41
2006年以前，時鐘是25秒。
[编辑] 流行文化
Because of its young age as a sport, few popular culture references to arena football exist. It is, however, established as a high school sport in the motion picture version of Starship Troopers, and most of the lead characters play the sport, with a game taking place as an early scene in the film. In addition, Van Montgomery, a character on the TV sitcom Reba (2001-present), was employed for a time as an arena football player.
A previous movie reference can be found in Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects, directed by J. Lee Thompson and starring Charles Bronson. One scene takes place during during an AFL game, with the Chicago Bruisers visiting the Los Angeles Cobras.在1989年初發行。
EA Tiburon has recently developed the first mainstream arena football game under the publisher EA Sports. The game was released on February 9, 2006 (or, according to the EA Sports site, February 7, 2006) and所有球員獲AFL授權。 Midway Sports did publish an arena football game in 2001 (Kurt Warner's Arena Football Unleashed). This game was poorly received, both by traditional videogamers who saw it as an unneeded ripoff of NFL Blitz, and by arena football fans who did not like the rule changes and arcade nature of the game.
In 2001, Jeff Foley published War on the Floor: an average guy plays in the Arena Football League and lives to write about it. The book details a journalist's two preseasons (1999 and 2000) as an offensive specialist/writer with the now-defunct Albany Firebirds. The 5-foot-6, self-described "unathletic writer" played in three preseason games and had one catch for -2 yards.
[编辑] 宿命
Los Angeles Avengers player Al Lucas died, presumably from a spinal cord injury, on April 10, 2005 in a game against the New York Dragons. Although it might be attributed to the rough style of arena football, the tackle, during a first quarter kickoff, was not very different from those in stadium-played American football. Lucas was 26. It is the only fatality in the AFL's history.
The only fatality in af2 history was Bakersfield Blitz FB/LB Julian Yearwood on July 19, 2003 during a game against the Wichita Stealth. Yearwood came out of the game in the 1st quarter after blocking a field goal attempt allegedly claiming that he wasn't well, collapsed, and was later pronounced dead at Via Christi St. Francis Hospital in Wichita after medical personnel worked to resuscitate him.
[编辑] 參見
- 室內美式足球聯盟
- af2
- 美式足球術語
[编辑] 外部連結
- 圍場美式足球聯盟首頁（英文）
- AF2首頁（英文）
- Arena Football Network（英文）
