原始西奈山文字系譜

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使用字母的国家

幾乎世界上所有的segmental scripts（比較概括的說法為字母，若需要嚴謹的術語定義請見下文）也衍生自原始西奈山字母。它們包括今天用來書寫多種語文的拉丁字母，也有其它諸於希伯來字母、阿拉伯字母、盧恩字母、印度的天體文、衣索比亞、菲律賓與印度尼西亞的官方文字, and perhaps Cree "Syllabics" 等各種表兄弟，及某程度上，韓國的諺文. There are also syllabic systems derived superficially from these alphabets, such as Cherokee and the Japanese Sign Language syllabary.

Only a few alphabets are not graphically derived from this family of scripts, such as Ol Chiki (for Santali), Zhuyin (Chinese phonics), Tāna (Maldivian), and the extinct Ogham (Old Irish) and semi-alphabetic Old Persian cuneiform scripts. Some of the others were constructed, such as N'Ko (Bambara) and Braille, rather than deriving from an existing writing system.

The first Middle Bronze Age alphabets were adapted from Egyptian hieroglyphs. A possibly independent alphabet, Meroitic, was also adapted from Egyptian hieroglyphs, and therefore may be a cousin to the Proto-Sinaitic family.

[编辑] 系譜

西奈山文字的印度分支，由印度到東亞的傳播。注意地圖上Nepali（Nepali language）一詞並非指尼泊爾語；同樣悉曇的傳播也跟中國或日本的書寫系統無關。

0. 青銅中期文化時期字母（Wadi el-Ħôl to Proto-Sinaitic） - c. 1800 BC (埃及)
- 1. 乌加里特字母 - c. 1500 BC (叙利亚)
- 2. 迦南-腓尼基字母 - c. 1400 BC (迦南)
  - 2.1. 腓尼基字母（Phoenician）/（Paleo-Hebrew abjad） - c. 1100 BC (迦南)
    - 2.1.1. 亞蘭字母 - c. 800 BC (叙利亚)
      - 2.1.1.1. 波羅米文字 - c. 600 BC (印度, 斯利兰卡)
        
        2.1.1.1.1. 占文 - c. AD 200 (越南, 柬埔寨) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2. 笈多文（Gupta abugida ）- c. AD 400 (N. India)
        
        2.1.1.1.2.1. 悉曇文（Siddham abugida）- c. 600 (N. India) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.1.1 藏文 - c. 650 (西藏) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.1.1.1 八思巴字 - 1269 (蒙古)
        
        2.1.1.1.2.1.1.2 Lepcha abugida - c. 1700 (不丹) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.1.1.2.1 Limbu abugida - c. 1740 (锡金) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2. Nagari abugida - c. 750 (印度)
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.1. 孟加拉文 - c. 1050 (东印度, 孟加拉) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.1.1. 奥里亚文 - c. 1100 (东印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2. 天城体 - c. 1100 (印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.1. Newari / Ranjana abugida - c. 1150 (尼泊尔) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.2. Modi abugida - c. 1600 (印度)
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.3. 古吉拉特文 - c. 1600 (印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.4. Soyombo abugida - c. 1686 (蒙古) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.2.2.5. Cree abugida - 1841 (加拿大) *
        
        2.1.1.1.2.3. Sharada abugida - c. 770 (巴基斯坦)
        
        2.1.1.1.2.3.1 Gurmukhi abugida - c. 1539 (巴基斯坦, 北印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3. Pallava abugida - c. 400 (南印度)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.1. 高棉文 - c. 600 (柬埔寨) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.1.1. 泰文- 1283 (泰国) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.1.1.1. 老撾文（Lao abugida）- c. 1350 (Laos) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.2. 孟文 - c. 700 (缅甸) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.2.1. 缅文 - c. 1050 (缅甸) *
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3. Old Kawi abugida - c. 775 (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.1. 爪哇文 - c. 900 (印尼)*
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.2. 峇厘文 - c. 1000 (印尼)*
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.3. 古巽他文 - c. 1300 (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.3.1. Formal Sundanese abugida - 1997 (印尼)*
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.4. Batak abugida - c. 1300 (印尼)*
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.5. Baybayin abugida - c. 1300 (菲律宾)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.6. Buhid abugida - c. 1300 (菲律宾)*
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.7. Hanunó'o abugida - c. 1300 (菲律宾)*
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.8. Tagbanwa abugida - c. 1300 (菲律宾)*
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.9. Buginese abugida - c. 1600 (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.10. Rejang abugida - ? (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.11. Lampung abugida - ? (印尼)*
        
        2.1.1.1.3.3.12. Kerinci abugida - ? (印尼)
        
        2.1.1.1.4. Kadamba abugida - c. 450 (南印素)
        
        2.1.1.1.4.1. 卡纳达文 - c. 1500 (南印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.4.2. 泰卢固文 - c. 1500 (南印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.5. Kalinga abugida - c. 500 (东印度)
        
        2.1.1.1.6. Grantha abugida - c. 500 (南印度)
        
        2.1.1.1.6.1. 僧伽罗文 - c. 700 (斯里兰卡) *
        
        2.1.1.1.6.1.1. Dhives Akuru abugida - c. 1100 (马尔代夫)
        
        2.1.1.1.6.2. 泰米尔文 - c. 700 (印度, 斯里兰卡) *
        
        2.1.1.1.6.2.1. Sourashtra abugida - c. 1900 (南印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.6.3. 马拉雅拉姆文 - c. 1100 (南印度) *
        
        2.1.1.1.7. 吐火罗文- c. 500 (新疆)
        
        2.1.1.1.8. Ahom abugida - c. AD 1250 (东印度)
      - 2.1.1.2. 希伯来文 - c. 300 BC (以色列) *
      - 2.1.1.3. 佉卢文（Kharoṣṭhī abugida）- c. 250 BC (巴基斯坦, 阿富汗)
      - 2.1.1.4. Pahlavi abjad - c. 200 BC (伊朗东北部, 新疆)
        
        2.1.1.4.1. 阿維斯陀文 - c. AD 400 (伊朗东南部)
      - 2.1.1.5. 叙利亚文 - c. 200 BC (叙利亚, 伊拉克) *
        
        2.1.1.5.1. 粟特文 - c. 100 (乌兹别克)
        
        2.1.1.5.1.1. 格鲁吉亚文 - c. 100 ? (格鲁吉亚) *
        
        2.1.1.5.1.2. Manichaean abjad - c. 300 AD (伊朗东北部)
        
        2.1.1.5.1.3. Orkhon alphabet - c. 700 (蒙古)
        
        2.1.1.5.1.3.1. 旧匈牙利文 - c. 900 (匈牙利)
        
        2.1.1.5.1.4. 回鹘文 - c. 1000 (蒙古新疆)
        
        2.1.1.5.1.4.1. 蒙文 - c. 1100 (蒙古) *
        
        2.1.1.5.1.4.1.1. 老满文 - 1599 (满洲)
        
        2.1.1.5.1.4.2. 满文（圈点满文） - 1649 (满洲) *
      - 2.1.1.6. 纳巴泰文 - c. 200 BC (约旦)
        
        2.1.1.6.1. 阿拉伯文 - c. 400 (约旦, 北阿拉伯) *
        
        2.1.1.6.1.1. 爪夷字母（Jawi abjad）- c.1300 (马来亚,文莱) *
      - 2.1.1.7. Mandaic alphabet - c. AD 100 (伊朗) *
    - 2.1.2. 撒馬利亞文 - c. 600 BC (以色列) *
    - 2.1.3. Alphabets of Asia Minor - c. 800 BC (安纳托利亚（土耳其）)
    - 2.1.4. 希臘文 - c. 800 BC (希腊) *
      - 2.1.4.1. Cumae alphabet - c. 750 BC (希腊, 意大利)
        
        2.1.4.1.1. 埃特鲁斯坎字母 - c. 700 BC (意大利)
        
        2.1.4.1.1.1. 威尼托字母（Venetic alphabet）- c. 700 BC (意大利)
        
        2.1.4.1.1.1.1. 盧恩字母 - c. AD 150 (日耳曼, 斯堪的纳维亚)
        
        2.1.4.1.1.2. 拉丁文 - c. 700 BC (意大利) *
        
        2.1.4.1.1.2.1. Faliscan alphabet - c. 400 BC (意大利)
        
        2.1.4.1.1.3. 奥斯坎字母（Oscan alphabet）- c. 600 BC (意大利)
        
        2.1.4.1.2. Messapic alphabet - c. 550 BC (意大利)
      - 2.1.4.2. 希腊—伊比利亚字母 - c. 400 BC (西班牙)
      - 2.1.4.3. 科普特字母- c. 200 BC (埃及) *
      - 2.1.4.4. 哥特字母 - c. AD 300 (乌克兰)
      - 2.1.4.5. 亞美尼亞字母 - 405 (亚美尼亚) *
      - 2.1.4.6. 格拉哥里字母 - 862 (保加利亚)
        
        2.1.4.6.1. 西里尔字母 - c. 940 (保加利亚) *
        
        2.1.4.6.1.1. Old Permic script - 1372 (Siberia)
        
        2.1.4.6.1.2. 阿布哈兹字母 - 1865 (阿布哈兹字母) *
    - 2.1.5 Tartessian semi-syllabary - c. 600 BC (西班牙葡萄牙)
      - 2.1.5.1. Southeastern Iberian semi-syllabary - c. 400 BC (西班牙)
        
        2.1.5.1.1 Northeastern Iberian semi-syllabary - c. 400 BC (西班牙法国)
        
        2.1.5.1.1.1 Celtiberian semi-syllabary - c. 200 BC (西班牙)
    - 2.1.6. 提非納字母 - c. 250 BC (西北非) *
      - 2.1.6.1. Neo-Tifinagh alphabet - c. AD 1965 (摩洛哥) *
- 3. 南阿拉伯字母 c. 900 BC (Arabian Peninsula, 埃塞俄比亚, 厄立特里亚 [=D'mt])
  - 3.1. 吉茲字母（Old Geez abjad） - c. 500 BC (埃塞俄比亚, 厄立特里亚)
    - 3.1.1. Ge'ez abugida - c. AD 300 (埃塞俄比亚, 厄立特里亚 [=Aksum]) *
  - 3.2. Thamudic abjad - c. 200 BC (北阿拉伯)

[编辑] 註解

The dates are intended to show the approximate 'birthdate' of a script; however in many cases (marked by 'c.') they are widely approximate, and may be off even by centuries. In several cases, the development of one script into another was a gradual process over several centuries, that is difficult to pin down with precision. Following that, in parentheses, is the name of one or two modern countries corresponding to the region where the script was first widely used. In a few cases, a direct graphic letter-to-letter correspondence cannot be precisely established between a 'parent script' and its children, making the exact placement of some family members somewhat controversial, eg. in the case of the Tibetan or Georgian alphabets. Much of the information here was compiled from the "Ancient Scripts" and "Omniglot" websites, which do not always agree. Despite many of these scripts commonly being called "alphabets", the recent linguistic classifications of abugidas and semi-syllabaries are shown in Italic; the others are abjads or alphabets proper. Many of these scripts are no longer widely used for writing any language today, having been abandoned in favor of others; those that still are, have been marked with '*', and additionally are written in bold.
Some scholars, including Gari Ledyard, believe that the core consonants of Hangul were taken from the earlier Phagspa script, with the other consonants derived from these. See Gari Ledyard for more complete information.