加拿大式足球
维基百科，自由的百科全书
加拿大式足球是一種由兩支各12人的隊的運動，在橄欖球的基礎上發展起來。球場為110碼(100.6公尺)長，65碼(59.4公尺)寬，加上終止區20碼(18.3公尺)。
At each goal line is a set of forty-foot (12.2 m) high goalposts, which consist of two uprights joined by a crossbar 18.5 feet (5.6 m) long which is ten feet (3.1 m) above the goal line. The goalposts may be H-shaped (both posts fixed in the ground) although in the higher-caliber competitions the tuning-fork design (supported by a single curved post behind the goal line, so that each post starts ten feet (3.1 m) above the ground) is preferred. The sides of the field are marked by white sidelines, the goal line is marked in white, and white lines are drawn laterally across the field every 5 yards (4.6 m) from the goal line.
加拿大式足球與美式足球都是來自同一樣來源，兩者之間有很大的聯繫。不過它與美式足球仍然有一些分別，請參看美式足球及加拿大式足球的差異。
目录 |
[编辑] 遊戲玩法
Teams advance across the field through the execution of short, distinct plays, which involve the possession of a brown, ovoid ball with ends tapered to a point. The ball has two one-inch-wide stripes.
[编辑] 開球
其中一隊將會在已隊35碼線開球。兩隊可能接球。接球者可以持球前進，或傳球給隊友，不過不可以傳向前方的隊友。
[编辑] Stoppage of play
Play stops when the ball carrier's knee, elbow, or any other body part aside from the feet and hands, is forced to the ground (a tackle); when a touchdown (see below) or a field goal is scored; when the ball leaves the playing area by any means (being carried, thrown, or fumbled out of bounds); or when the ball carrier is in a standing position but can no longer move. 如果沒有得分，the next play starts from scrimmage.
[编辑] Scrimmage
Before scrimmage, an official places the ball at the spot it became dead, but no nearer than 24 yards from the sideline or 1 yard from the goalline. The line parallel to the end zone passing through the ball is referred to as the line of scrimmage. This line is a sort of "no-man's land": players must stay on their respective sides of this line until the play has begun again. For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players, excluding the quarterback, within one yard of the line of scrimmage. The defending team, however, must stay a yard or more back from the line of scrimmage.
[编辑] Live play
On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12. The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence. Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs by a member of the offensive team, to the quarterback or punter. If the quarterback or punter receives the ball, he may then do any of the following:
- run with the ball, attempting to run farther down field (gaining yardage). The ball-carrier may run in any direction he sees fit (including backwards).
- drop-kick the ball, dropping it onto the ground and kicking it on the bounce. (This play is exceedingly rare in both Canadian and American football, although in the Canadian game it is sometimes used as a last-second "desperation play" if the team is behind by less than three points.)
- pass the ball laterally or backwards to a teammate. This play is known as a lateral, and may come at any time on the play. A pass which has any amount of forward momentum is a forward pass (see below); forward passes are subject to many restrictions which do not apply to laterals.
- hand-off--將球直接交給附近的隊友，通常是跑鋒及全後衛。
- punt the ball; dropping it in the air and kicking it before it touches the ground.
- place the ball on the ground for a place kick
- throw a forward pass, where the ball is thrown to a receiver located farther down field (closer to the opponent's goal) than the thrower is. Forward passes are subject to the following restrictions:
- They must be made from behind the line of scrimmage
- 每次進攻中只有一次向前傳前機會。
- The pass must be made in the direction of an eligible receiver.
Each play constitutes a down. The offence must advance the ball at least ten yards towards the opponents' goal line within three downs or forfeit the ball to their opponents. Once ten yards have been gained the offence gains a new set of three downs. It must be noted that they do not accumulate, so that if one completes 10 yards on their first play, they lose the other two downs, instead of being granted three on top of their remaining two. If a team fails to gain ten yards in two downs they usually punt the ball on third down or try to kick a field goal (see below), depending on their position on the field.
[编辑] 攻守交換
以下情況出現攻守交換：
- 進攻一方得分，the defence has the right to claim possession (either by starting from scrimmage at their own 35 yard line, or by receiving a kickoff). The defence may also elect to kick the ball to their opponents; teams with a strong placekicker and a stout defence may choose to do this to gain better field position for their own offence. This also applies when the defence scores on a turnover which is returned for a touchdown--technically, they become the offence for the conclusion of the play, and the scored-upon team has the right to claim possession.
- 防守一方因安全球得分，需要攻守交換。
- If one team kicks the ball; the other team has the right to recover the ball and attempt a return. If a kicked ball goes out of bounds, or the kicking team scores a single or field goal as a result of the kick, the other team likewise gets possession.
- 在三次進攻機會中未能將球向前傳出10碼外，守方可以取代進攻的一方進攻。
- If the offence attempts a forward pass and it is intercepted by the defence; the defence takes possession immediately (and may try and advance the ball on the play). Note that incomplete forward passes (those which go out of bounds, or which touch the ground without being first cleanly caught by a player) result in the end of the play, and are not returnable by either team.
- If the offence fumbles (a ball-carrier drops the football, or has it dislodged by an opponent, or if the intended player fails to catch a lateral pass or a snap from center, or a kick attempt is blocked by an opponent), the ball may be recovered (and advanced) by either team. If a fumbled ball goes out of bounds, the team whose player last touched it is awarded possession at the spot where it went out of bounds. A fumble by the offence in their own end zone, which goes out of bounds, results in a safety.
- 上半場完畢後，在上半場踢球的一方在下半場可接獲傳球。
[编辑] Rules of contact
There are many rules to contact in this type of football. First, the only player on the field who may be legally tackled is the player currently in possession of the football (the ball carrier). Second, a receiver, that is to say, an offensive player sent down the field to receive a pass, may not be interfered with (have his motion impeded, be blocked, etc). unless he is within one yard of the line of scrimmage (as opposed to 5 yards in American football). Any player may block another player's passage, so long as he does not hold or trip the player he intends to block. The kicker may not be contacted after the kick, and the quarterback, having already thrown the ball, may not be hit or tackled.
[编辑] Infractions and penalties
Infractions of the rules are punished with penalties, typically of 5, 10, or 15 yards. Minor violations such as offside (a player from either side encroaching into scrimmage zone before the play starts) are penalized five yards, more serious penalties (such as holding) are penalized 10 yards, and severe violations of the rules are typically penalized 15 yards. Depending on the penalty, the penalty yardage may be assessed from the original line of scrimmage, the spot the violation occurred, or the place the ball ended after the play. Penalties on the offence may, or may not, result in a loss of down; penalties on the defence may result in a first down being automatically awarded to the offence. For particularly severe conduct, the game official(s) may eject players (ejected players may be substituted for), or in exceptional cases, declare the game over and award victory to one side or the other. Penalties do not affect the yard line which the offence must reach in order to reach first down (unless the penalty results in a first down being awarded); if a penalty against the defence results in the first down yardage being attained, then the offence is awarded a first down.
犯規通常在開球時（例：越位）、進行比賽事（such as holding）或死球球況（例：不君子接觸）發生。
如進攻一隊犯規，在任何清況下是不能取得分數 (a penalty by the defence committed in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown); on rare occasions, penalties against the offence in their own end zone may result in a safety being scored by the defence. If the penalty yardage, once assessed would move the ball into an end zone (or further than half the distance between the end zone and the spot the penalty is assessed from), a penalty of half-the-distance is assessed instead. Note that in Canadian football (unlike American football), no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line.
In most cases, the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called. One notable exception to this rule is if the kicking team on a 3rd down punt play is penalized before the kick occurs; the receiving team may not decline the penalty and take over on downs. (After the kick is made, change of possession occurs and subsequent penalties are assessed against either the spot where the ball is caught, or the runback).
[编辑] 位置
[编辑] 進攻
The offensive positions found in Canadian football (and American football) have, for the most part, evolved throughout the years, and are not officially defined in the rules.不過進攻球隊，被分數以下數類球員：
- Down linemen
- Down linemen are players who, at the start of every play, line up at the line of scrimmage; once in their stance they may not move until the play begins. The offence must have at least seven players lined up at the line of scrimmage on every play. The exception to this rule is the player (typically the centre) who snaps the ball to the quarterback. Linemen generally do not run with the ball (unless they recover it on a fumble) or receive a hand-off or lateral pass, but there is no rule against it. However, the centre and the two linemen on either side are ineligible receivers; they may not receive a forward pass either. (Other players who line up at the line of scrimmage may receive forward passes).
- Backs
- Backs line up behind the linemen; they may run with the ball, receive handoffs, laterals, and forward passes. They may also be in motion before the play starts.
Specific offensive positions include:
Backs/Receivers:
- 四分衛
- 進攻的統領，策劃所有進攻，接出由中鋒擲出來的球，and initiates the action usually by running the ball himself, passing the ball to a receiver, or handing the ball off to another back.
- Fullback
- Multiple roles including pass protection, receiving, and blocking for the running back. 在剩下一兩碼時，他們亦會持球前進。
- 跑鋒
- As the name implies, the main runner on the team. Also an eligible receiver and blocker on pass plays.
- 外接員
- Lines up on the line of scrimmage, usually at a distance from the center. Runs down the field in order to catch a forward pass from the quarterback.
- Slotback
- Same as the wide receiver, but starts five yards back off the line of scrimmage and stays closer to the offensive line.
Down Linemen:
- 中鋒
- 傳球給四分衛球員，阻止對手穿越試圖阻止四分衛傳球。Calls offensive-line plays.
- Left/right guard
- Stands to the left and right of the centre helps protect the quarterback, Usually very good run blockers to open holes up the middle for runners.
- 左右絆衛
- Stands on the ends of the offensive line, The biggest men on the line, usually about 300 pounds (140 kg). Usually very good pass blockers.
- Offensive lineman
- Collective name for centre, guards, and tackles.
[编辑] 防守
The rules do not constrain how the defense may arrange itself (other than the requirement that they must remain one yard behind the line of scrimmage until the play starts).
- Cornerback
- Covers the wide receivers on most plays.
- 安全衛
- Covers deep. Last line of defence, can offer run support or blitz.
- Defensive halfback
- Covers the slotback and helps contain the run from going to the outside.
- Defensive back
- Collective term for cornerback, safety, and defensive halfback.
- Nose tackle
- Lineman across from centre, tries to get past the offensive-line or take double team and open holes for blitzes.
- Defensive tackle
- Inside defensive linemen try to break through the offensive line and open holes for linebackers.
- Defensive end
- Main rushing lineman. Rushes the quarterback and contain
- Middle linebacker
- Lines up across from the centre 3 to 4 yards back. Quarterback of the defence. Calls plays for lineman and linebackers.
- Weak-side linebacker
- Lines up on the short side of field, and can drop into pass coverage or contain.
- Strong-side linebacker
- Lines up on the opposite side and usually rushes.
[编辑] 特別隊伍
特別隊伍通常是指踢球員，which typically involve a change in possession.
- Holder
- Receives the snap on field goal tries and converts; places the ball in position and holds it to be kicked by the kicker.
- Kicker
- Kicks field goals, converts, kick-offs
- 棄踢者
- 將球棄踢給對方，通常在第三次進攻使用。
- Returners
- Fast, agile runners who specialize in fielding punts and kickoffs, attempting to advance them for better field position or a score.
[编辑] Other kicks
加拿大式足球有三種踢球方式。
- Place kick
- Kicking a ball held on the ground by a teammate, or, on a kickoff (resuming play following a score), placed on a tee.
- Drop kick
- Kicking a ball after bouncing it on the ground.雖然現今很少用，it has the same status in scoring as a place kick. This play is part of the game's rugby heritage, and was largely obsoleted when the ball with pointed ends was adapted.
- Punt
- Kicking the ball after it has been released from the kicker's hand and before it hits the ground). 棄踢是不可以從穿越得分點而取得分數。
On punts and field goal attempts (but not kickoffs), members of the kicking team, other than the kicker and any teammates who are onside (behind the kicker at the time of the kick), may not approach within five yards of the ball until it has been touched by the receiving team.
[编辑] 得分
得分的方法是：
- 達陣
- 球員持球進入對方的得分區，球員可以衝鋒或傳球給前線球員，成功的話可得6分。在加拿大式足球通常會被稱為「major score」及簡稱「major」。
- Conversion (or Convert)
- After a touchdown, the team that scored attempts one scrimmage play from any point between the hash marks on or outside the opponents' 5-yard line. If they make what would normally be a field goal, they score one point; what would normally be a touchdown scores two points (a "two-point conversion"). It is also possible for the defence to score a safety (i.e. by recovering a turnover and running the ball all the way to their opponents' end zone). No matter what happens on the convert attempt, play then continues with a kickoff (see below).
- Field goal
- Scored by a drop kick or place kick (except on a kickoff) when the ball, after being kicked and without again touching the ground, goes over the cross bar and between the goal posts (or goal posts produced) of the opponent's goal (worth three points).
- Safety
- Scored when the ball becomes dead in the possession of a team in its own goal area, or when the ball touches or crosses the dead-line, or side-line-in-goal and touches the ground, a player, or some object beyond these lines as a result of the team scored against making a play. It is worth two points. This is different from a Single (see below) in that the team scored against begins with possession of the ball.
- Single
- Scored when the ball becomes dead in the possession of a team in its own goal area, or when the ball touches or crosses the dead-line, or side-line-in-goal, and touches the ground, a player, or some object beyond these lines as a result of the ball having been kicked from the field of play into the goal area by the scoring team. It is worth one point. This is different from a Safety (see above) in that team scored against receives possession of the ball from a kick.
- Officially, the single is called a rouge (French for "red") but is often simply referred to as a single. The exact derivation of the term is unknown but it has been thought that, in early Canadian football, the scoring of a single was signalled with a red flag.
[编辑] Resumption of play
Resumption of play following a score is conducted under procedures which vary with the type of score.
- Following a touchdown and convert attempt (successful or not), play resumes with the scoring team kicking off from its own 35-yard line (45-yard line in amateur leagues).
- Following a field goal, the non-scoring team may choose for play to resume either with a kickoff as above, or by scrimmaging the ball from its own 35-yard line.
- Following a safety, the scoring team may choose for play to resume in either of the above ways, or it may choose to kick off from its own 35-yard line.
- Following a single, play resumes with the non-scoring team scrimmaging from its own 35-yard line.
[编辑] 比賽時間
每節十五分鐘，共分為四節六十分鐘，共分為上下半場各30分鐘。每一節有十五分鐘的時間。而時間停上的規則在每節最後三分鐘有所更變。 A short break interval occurs after the end of each quarter (a longer break at halftime), and the two teams then change goals.
在上半場最初的27分鐘，可使用以下方法停上時間：
- 出現得分
- 皮球走出界外
- 未能完成向前傳球
- 進入死球及已舉出懲罰的旗
- 進入死球及球隊更換球員 (e.g., possession has changed、棄踢, short yardage situation),
- 進入死球及有一名球員受傷
- 進入死球及隊長使用一次暫停。
球證可從皮球放好位置後開始比賽，不包括球隊的暫停 (where the clock starts at the snap), after a time count foul (at the snap) and kickoffs (where the clock starts not at the kick but when the ball is first touched after the kick).
各半場最後三分鐘，進入死球時，時鐘停止移動。 On kickoffs, the clock starts when the ball is first touched after the kick. On scrimmages, when it starts depends on what ended the previous play. The clock starts when the ball is ready for scrimmage except that it starts on the snap when on the previous play
- the ball was kicked off,
- the ball was punted,
- the ball changed possession,
- the ball went out of bounds,
- there were points scored,
- there was an incomplete forward pass,
- there was a penalty applied (not declined), or
- there was a team time-out.
The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end while a penalty is pending: after the penalty yardage is applied, the quarter is extended one scrimmage. Note that the non-penalized team has the option to decline any penalty it considers disadvantageous, so a losing team cannot indefinitely prolong a game by repeatedly committing penalties.
[编辑] 聯盟比賽
在加拿大，加拿大式足球有幾個層次。八支球隊在加拿大式足球聯盟角逐，爭奪格雷杯的榮譽。 Amateur football is governed by Football Canada. At the university level, 27 teams play in four conferences under the auspices of Canadian Interuniversity Sport; the CIS champion is awarded the Vanier Cup. Junior football is played by many after high school before joining the university ranks. There are 20 junior teams in 3 divisions in the Canadian Junior Football League competing for the Canadian Bowl.
Semi-professional leagues have grown in popularity in recent years, with the Alberta Football League becoming especially popular. The Canadian Major Football League is the governing body for the semi-professional game.
[编辑] 歷史
根據歷史記載，第一次舉行足球比賽在1861年11月9日多倫多大學所舉行的[1]. 后来在该大学中成立了一个足球俱乐部，虽然当时的游戏规则还不明确。
1864年，在多伦多三一学院（University of Trinity College），巴罗坎伯兰（F. Barlow Cumberland）和伏得瑞.白求恩（Frederick A. Bethune）在英国橄榄球的基础上制订规则。然而，人们广泛认为现代加拿大足球起源于1865年蒙特利尔,从当时的英国陆军流传到当地平民。该项运动逐渐得到支持，蒙特利尔足球俱乐部在1868年成立，是加拿大的第一个非大学足球俱乐部。
橄榄球很快在麦吉尔大学流行开来。在1874年，麦吉尔挑战美国哈佛那场球赛之后，日后知名的美式足球从此进入美国。
加拿大足球联盟在历史上有不同的名称， 包括加拿大橄榄球足球联盟, 和加拿大橄榄球联盟。从坎特伯雷榄球联盟（CRFU），最早的先驱者到现在的加拿大足球联盟，始建于1882年。
加拿大式足球與美式足球非常相似，而其聯盟CFL與美國職業足球大聯盟有不少關係。
CFL常規賽在六月舉行，十一月中完成整個季後賽賽程。 在有户外大型运动场的城市诸如 卡加利、 埃德蒙顿、 温尼伯、 蒙特利尔、 哈密尔顿和里贾纳, 低温和冰冷的条件会严重影响比赛结果。
部份为加拿大式足球作出巨大貢獻的球員被選為加拿大式足球名人堂，位於安大略省哈密尔顿。
[编辑] 參看
- 加拿大職業足球大聯盟
- Canadian Football Hall of Fame
- Football Canada
- Glossary of Canadian football
- Comparison of Canadian and American football
- 美式足球
- Flag football
- 足球
- Rugby football
- Rugby union in Canada
- Australian rules football in Canada
[编辑] 参考文献
- ^ Canadian Football Timelines (1860 – present)．Football Canada．於2006年12月23日查閱．
