世界體系理論

维基百科，自由的百科全书

世界體系理論是一套由 Samir Amin、Giovanni Arrighi、Andre Gunder Frank 與伊曼紐·華勒斯坦等人創建的一套後馬克思主義國際關係理論。

顧名思義，屬於後馬克思主義的世界體系論主要建基於馬克思的著作。它的根基之一在於對帝國主義的探討，列寧在名著《帝國主義是資本主義的最高階段》中首開其端，世界體系論中談及的核心與邊陲概念也源於列寧。

華勒斯坦從邊陲與核心的資源分配機制入手。「核心」係指已開發的工業化地區，「邊陲」指較貧窮並以出口原物料為主的未開發或開發中國家，「半邊陲」是一方面支配某些邊陲國，另一方面又被技術更先進的強國支配的國家。透過市場機制，邊陲受到中心的剝削。這是世界體系的空間劃分。華勒斯坦如是說：

世界體系是一個社會體系，它有其邊界、結構、成員團體、合法性規則及凝聚性。它的生命由各種相衝突的力量構成，它們以張力聚合之，又隨著各團體試圖為己重塑這套體系而拆解之。它具有有機體的特徵，因為在其生命期中有些特徵在某些方面改變了，而在另一些方面則保持穩定。人們可以按照它功能的內在邏輯，定義其結構在不同時間的強或弱。^[1]

至於時間向度，華勒斯坦定義了世界體系的四個時間特色：週期節律代表經濟的短期波動，華勒斯坦基於康德拉捷夫的長波理論，指出資本主義具有約40-50年的擴張-收縮週期，而中心、邊陲與半邊陲的格局也隨之調整。長期趨勢一如其名，代表經濟成長或衰退等長期的傾向。矛盾是系統內的一般爭議，通常是關於短期與長程目標之間的取捨。最後一個特色是危機，這也代表該系統的終結。

嚴格來說，世界體系論並非一套理論，而是一套研究社會及社會變遷的方法。除了繼承新馬克思主義的源流，法國年鑑學派對之也頗具影響，其中又以費爾南·布勞岱爾的影響最大。

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