Dissociative identity disorder

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a diagnosis of a mental condition.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder) (DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders 300.14^[1]).
DID remains underdiagnosed and undertreated^[2]. In studies published since 2006:
- 1.1% of women in the general population were diagnosed as having DID^[3]
- 6% of inner-city, hospital-based psychiatric outpatients were diagnosed as having DID^[4]
- 14% of patients who came into contact with psychiatry in case of emergency were diagnosed as having DID^[5].
DID patients function as two or more Dissociative Identity States (DIS), called Neutral Identity States (NIS) and Traumatic Identity States (TIS). NIS keep out of the mind traumatic memories. so it's easier to master daily life. TIS are aware of these memories and that's why the behaviour is influenced ^[6]. DIS have different psychobiological differences^[6].
Memory processing depends on the creation of associations, storage, and retrieval. Traumatic or childhood physical or sexual abuse experiences can create, especially in children, contradictory memory encoding and storage. Just as in depression information is selectively retrieved, selective networks of association preclude a more balanced view of the world (sometimes dangerous, sometimes safe) or of the self (good versus deserving of punishment)^[2].
Individuals with DID, may come to believe they are inhabited by a spirit^[7].
The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule (DDIS) is a 131-item structured interview used to assess DSM-IV diagnoses of somatization disorder, major depression, borderline personality disorder (BPD), alcohol and drug abuse, and the five DSM-IV dissociative disorders (DDs). It is also used to inquire about a wide range of other experiences, including trauma history, and about features thought to be associated with DID, such as Schneiderian symptoms^[4].
88.6% of the DID patients were women^[8]
There are no quick fixes, although many patients do respond to long-term psychotherapy, to fragmented elements of the patient's identity, working through traumatic memories or childhood physical or sexual abuse, helping the patient navigate current relationships with family and others, and avoiding further traumatization. The therapist needs to recognize that the patient is fragmented. Efforts to reify each fragment into a "personality" are not helpful^[2].
Hypnosis can be useful in teaching patients about the dissociative nature of their symptoms by helping them to gain control over transitions among personality states, with the goal of improving internal communication and integrating disparate aspects of their identity^[2].
No definitive pharmacological treatments are available for DID^[4]
Changing the name of Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD) to DID was to place the correct emphasis on the failure to integrate aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness rather than the apparent proliferation of "personalities." The problem is not having more than one personality, it is having less than one^[2].
DID is unrelated to schizophrenia.