Ancient history
From the Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that anyone can change
Ancient history is history from when human history began until the early Middle Ages or the end of the Roman Empire in about 476 AD. The word "antiquity" usually means ancient history that is before the start of Ancient Greek history in about 776 BC. Ancient Rome also began at about this time.
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[change] Study of ancient history
Finding facts about ancient history is difficult because people wrote less in those times and some of what they did write has been lost. Not many people could read and write in ancient history so people did not write about history then. There were very small numbers of copies made because there was no printing press. What people wrote they wrote by hand. More people could read and write in Ancient Rome than in other places but much of what they wrote is now lost. Historians look at things that were made and used in ancient history to learn more about it.
[change] Archaeology
Archaeology is looking at things that were made or used in the past to find out more about that time. Things like clay pots, solid tools, and metal weapons can stay the same during a long time. Things like paper, wood, and cloth can be easily broken or damaged.
Some ancient things found using archaeology are:
- The Egyptian pyramids - Big tombs made by the Ancient Egyptians for their king and Queens.
- The city of Pompeii - A city from Ancient Rome. When a volcano (a mountain that makes fire and hot rocks) killed the people living there, the city was buried and the things inside it were covered with rock and ash. This meant that they did not change for a long time.
- The Terracotta Army - the tomb of the First Qin Emperor in Ancient China.
[change] Primary sources
These are things written by people who lived in ancient history. They tell us most of what we know about ancient history. But people in ancient history may have believed different things from each other. They may also be wrong.
Some famous people who wrote in ancient history are: Herodotus, Josephus, Livy, Polybius, Suetonius, Tacitus, Thucydides and Sima Qian.
[change] Chronology
[change] Prehistory
- c. 200th-150 millennium (1000 years) BC - People are in Africa.
- c. 60th millennium BC - People from Africa go to Asia.
- c. 40th millennium BC - People go to Australia.
- c. 35th millennium BC - People go to Europe.
- 14th to 10th millennium BC - People go to America.
- 10th millennium BC - People start farming.
- 5th millennium BC - maybe people make writing, maybe stones with writing on them come from this time.
- 4th millennium BC - First writings in the cities of Uruk and Susa; followed by writing in Harappa and hieroglyphs (picture writing) in Egypt.
- 33rd century (100 years) BC - Oldest writing about history.
[change] History
Some famous things:
[change] Older Ancient history
- 3300 BC - Bronze Age start in the Near East and South Asia Bronze Age goes to the rest of Europe and The Middle East
- 3000 BC - Egyptians make papyrus (paper made of grass)
- 2800 BC - Kot Diji time of the Indus Valley Civilization starts
- 2700 BC - Elam grows.
- 2580 BC - Egyptians make the Great Pyramid of Giza
- 2000 BC - people use horses
- 1700 BC - Indus Valley Civilization ends but the Cemetery H culture keeps going; The start of Poverty Point Civilization in North America
- 1600 BC - The start of Shang Dynasty in China, Chinese make writing.
- 1600 BC - Hittite people start ruling The Middle East.
- 1500 BC - People make the Rigveda.
- 1200 BC - The Hebrews come to Israel and start living there.
- c. 1200 BC - The Trojan War
- c. 1100 BC - King Saul makes the 12 tribes of Israel into Israel
- c. 1180 BC - End of The Hittite Empire
- 1122 BC - The Zhou people stop the last king of Shang Dynasty from being king; Zhou Dynasty starts in China
- 1004 BC - King David captures Jebus. He calls it Jerusalem and makes it the capital of Israel.
- 1000 BC - Mannaeans Kingdom starts
- 1000s BC - Kurukshetra War may have happened.
[change] 1000BC to 100BC
- 928 BC - Israel breaks and becomes The Kingdom of Judah and the Kingdom of Israel
- 800 BC - Greek city-states
- 776 BC - People write about the Olympic Games. They were started before this time but people did not write about them.
- 753 BC - Rome starts
- 751 BC - LeChe grows
- 745 BC - Tiglath-Pileser III becomes the new king of Assyria. He will become powerful and make Assyria into an empire
- 728 BC - the Median Empire grows
- 722 BC - Zhou Dynasty's becomes weaker; the time of the Hundred Schools of Thought begins.
- 653 BC - The first Persian state grows.
- 600 BC - Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") start.
- c. 600 BC - Pandyan kingdom in South India
- 563 BC - Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), is born as a prince of the Shakya tribe. The Shakya tribe ruled parts of Magadha.
- 549 BC - Mahavira is born
- 546 BC - Cyrus the Great makes The Persian Empire.
- 546 BC - Cyrus the Great defeats the Lydian kingdom
- 544 BC - Bimbisara makes Magadha powerful.
- 539 BC - the Babylonian Empire ends and Cyrus the Great frees the Jews.
- 525 BC - Cambyses II of Persia takes Egypt
- c. 512 BC - Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia takes Easter Thrace, Macedonia, and Lybia. The Persian Empire is the most powerful.
- 509 BC - The last King of Rome stops being king, The Roman Republic starts.
- 500 BC - Pingala uses Zero and Binary numbers.
- 490 BC - Greek city-states defeat the Persian attack at Battle of Marathon
- 424 BC - Nanda dynasty becomes powerful.
- 404 BC - End of Peloponnesian War.
- 403 BC - Warring States Period starts in China.
- 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela
- 326 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus (Purushottama) in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
- 321 BC - Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha
- 323 BC - Alexander the Great dies.
- 273 BC - Ashoka the Great becomes the emperor of the Mauryan Empire
- 250 BC - Parthia (Ashkâniân) becomes powerful.
- 232 BC - Emperor Ashoka the Great dies; the Mauryan Empire becomes weak.
- 230 BC - Satavahanas are in South India
- 221 BC - Qin Shi Huang is in China, end of Warring States Period; start of Emperors in China (this will end in 1912 AD)
- 202 BC - Han Dynasty starts in China,Qin Shi Huang dies; the Silk Road is made
- 202 BC - Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama
- c. 200 BC - Chera dynasty in South India
- 185 BC - Sunga Empire starts
- 149 BC-146 BC - Third and last Punic War; Rome defeats Cathage.
- 146 BC - Rome takes Greece.
- 110 BC - First time the Chinese rule Vietnam: the Nanyue Kingdom.
- c 100 BC - Chola Dynasty grows.
[change] 100BC to the end of the Roman Empire in 476 AD
- 49 BC - Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great make the Roman Civil War
- 44 BC - Marcus Brutus and others kill Julius Ceaser; The Roman Republic ends; The Roman Empire starts.
- 6 BC - Jesus of Nazareth is born
- 9 - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
- 14 - Emperor Augustus (Octavian) dies, Tiberius becomes emperor.
- 117 - Trajan is The emperor of Rome. The Roman Empire is the most powerful.
- 200s - The Hindu Srivijaya Empire starts in the Malay Archipelago.
- 220 - The Han Dynasty endsin China.
- 226 - the Parthian Empire ends and the Sassanian Empire becomes powerful
- 238 - Shapur I of Persia defeats of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Valerian (253–260).
- 285 - Emperor Diocletian breaks the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Empires
- 313 - Edict of Milan says that the Roman Empire would not make people worship a god.
- 335 - Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta empire
- 378 - Battle of Adrianople, the Germanic tribes defeat Roman army.
- 395 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I makes people be Christian
- 410 - Alaric defeats Rome. No one has deafeated Rome after 390 BC
- c. 455 - Skandagupta stops Indo-Hephthalite people attacking India.
- 476 - Romulus Augustus stops being the emperor of Rome, Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno in Constantinople becomes emperor, ancient history ends.
[change] Some groups of people in ancient history
[change] Europe and the Mediterranean
[change] East Asia
- Ancient China
- Ancient Japan
- Ancient Korea
- Mongols
- Ancient Turks
- Huns
[change] Central and Southwest Asia
- Ancient India
- Ancient Persia
- Assyria
- Babylonia
- Indus Valley civilization
- Kingdom of Israel
- Kingdom of Judah
- Medes (Ancient Iran)
- Mesopotamia
- Mitanni
- Sumer
- Urartu
[change] Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa
- Ancient Egypt
- Axumite Kingdom
- Kush
