Escola romana

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Para informação a respeito de educação na Roma Antiga, veja Escola romana.

Na história da música, a Escola Romana era um grupo de compositores predominantemente de música sacra, em Roma, durante os séculos XVI e XVII, portanto abrangendo o fim da renascença e o começo da era barroca. A expressão também se refere à musica que essa escola produziu. Muitos dos compositores tinham uma conexão direta com a Santa Sé e a capela papal, apesar de trabalharem em várias igrejas; estilisticamente esses compositores contrastavam com frequencia da escola veneziana, um movimento concorrente muito mais progressista. De longe o compositor mais famoso da escola romana é Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, cujo nome tem sido associado por quatro séculos com uma suava e cristalina perfeição polifônica. No entanto, também havia outros compositores trabalhando em Roma que utilizavam estilos e formas variados.

[editar] História e características

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While composers had almost certainly been working in Rome continuously for the thousand years since the time of Gregory the Great, the development of a consistent style around the middle of the 16th century, due in part to the musical requirements of the Counter-Reformation, led to their being grouped together by music historians under this single label.

The music of the Roman School can be seen as the culmination of a development of polyphony through the infusion of music of the Franco-Netherlandish school during the last hundred years. Franco-Netherlandish composers had long been coming to Italy to live and work—Josquin, Obrecht, Arcadelt, and many others made the long journey, and their musical style was decisive on the formation of the Italian styles. Under the guidance of the Vatican, and with the choir of the Sistine Chapel being one of the finest of the time, it was perhaps inevitable that the stylistic center of sacred polyphony would turn out to be Rome.

The Council of Trent, which met from 1543 to 1563, had a significant impact on the music of the Roman School: indeed it can be argued that these reforms in the Roman Catholic Church, which were part of the Counter-Reformation, defined the music of the Roman School. The Council of Trent recommended that sacred music, especially for use in church, be written in a dignified, serious style. The Council allowed polyphony—a common misconception is that they banned it outright, but this is false—however they did require that text which was sung be clearly understandable. In addition, while they did not ban the use of secular melodies as source material for masses and motets, such use was discouraged.

The combination of the reforms of the Council of Trent with the presence of the extremely talented composers inheriting the Franco-Netherlandish style, was the production of a body of music which has sometimes been held to represent the peak of perfection of Renaissance polyphonic clarity. The subject matter of "16th Century Counterpoint" or "Renaissance Polyphony" as taught in contemporary college music curricula is invariably the codified style of the Roman School, as it was understood by Johann Fux in the early 18th century. It is important to recognize, though, that the "Palestrina style" was not the only polyphonic style of the time, though it may have been the most internally consistent. The polyphonic style of Palestrina may have been the culmination of a hundred years of development of the Franco-Netherlandish style, but it was one of many streams in the late 16th century, and significantly contrasts with the music of the Venetian school to the north, as well as the music being produced in France and England at the same time.

Other composers living and working in Rome, while not considered members of the Roman School, certainly influenced them. The most famous of these is probably Luca Marenzio, whose madrigals were wildly popular in Italy and elsewhere in Europe; some of the composers of the Roman School borrowed his expressive techniques, for instance word-painting, for occasional use in a liturgical setting.

While the Roman School is considered to be a conservative musical movement, there are important exceptions. Rome was the birthplace of the oratorio, in the work of Giovanni Francesco Anerio and Emilio de' Cavalieri; the score for Cavalieri's Rappresentatione di Anima et di Corpo is the earliest printed score which uses a figured bass. The style is similar to the style of monody being developed in Florence at approximately the same time; indeed there was considerable competition between composers in those two musical centers. The success of Rappresentatione was such that the monodic style became common in much Roman music in the first several decades of the 17th century.

Later composers of the Roman School included Gregorio Allegri, composer of the famous Miserere (c.1630). This piece was guarded closely by the papal chapel; it was considered so beautiful that copies were not allowed to circulate. A favorite story involves the 14-year-old Mozart, who made the first illegal copy by transcribing it from memory after hearing it only twice. Many of the later composers of the Roman School continued to write in the polyphonic style of the 16th century, known then as the stile antico, or the prima pratica, in distinction to the newer styles of monody and concertato writing which defined the beginning of the Baroque era.

[editar] Compositores

Membros da escola romana, inclusive alguns que estiveram ativos em Roma durante apenas parte de sua carreira:

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (c1525–1594)
Giovanni Animuccia (c1520–1571)
Felice Anerio (c1564–1614)
Giovanni Francesco Anerio (c1567–1630) (Irmão mais novo de Felice)
Gregorio Allegri (1582–1652) (Compositor do famoso Miserere)
Paolo Bellasio (1554–1594)
Antonio Cifra (1584–1629)
Domenico Allegri (c1585–1629)
Marc'Antonio Ingegneri (c1545–1592)
Giovanni Maria Nanino (1543–1607)
Emilio de' Cavalieri (c1560–1602)
Annibale Stabile (c1535–1595)
Giovanni Dragoni (c1540–1598)
Francesco Soriano (c1548–1621)
Paolo Quagliati (c1555–1628)
Ruggiero Giovannelli (c1560–1625)
Giovanni Bernardino Nanino (1560–1623)
Stefano Landi (1586 or 1587–1639)
Virgilio Mazzocchi (1597–1646)
Francesco Foggia (1604–1688)
Annibale Zoilo (c1537–1592)
Bartolomeo Roy (c1530–1599)
Giovanni de Macque (c1550–1614)
Johannes Matelart (before 1538–1607)
Rinaldo del Mel (c1554–1598)
Giacomo Carissimi (1605-1674)

[editar] Referências e leituras adicionais

Vários artigos, inclusive "Rome" e artigos sobre os compositores no The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
Manfred Bukofzer, Music in the Baroque Era. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947. ISBN 0-393-09745-5
Harold Gleason and Warren Becker, Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, Indiana. Frangipani Press, 1986. ISBN 0-89917-034-X
Lamla, Michael: Kanonkünste im barocken Italien, insbesondere in Rom, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-89825-556-5