وېداس
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ويداس چې د انګليسي ويي (Vidas) ژباړه ده، د ويد ډرى ده، چې يو يې وېد راځي،
وېدونه د څلورو هندو مذهب سپېڅلي كتابونو څخه عبارت دى. د كتابونه د هندي فلسفې كره سرچينې ګڼل كېږي.
د هندو مذهب دا كتابونه په اصل كې د هندو كولتور، ادب او رسم و رواج يو پوهنغونډ ګڼلې شو.
د ويد مانا ويد د پوهې، پوهېدلو، يادولو، سوچ كولو، غور و فكر كولو، پېژندنې او ادراك په ماناؤ دى. ويد د هغه پوهنيز ادب نوم دى، كوم چې هندوانو د زرګونو كلونو په شاوخوا كې د خپلو كولتوري، ادبي، سياسي، او ټولنيزو چارو د كړو وړو څڅه رامنځته كړي دي.
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Shruti
Smriti
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- "Veda" redirects here. For other uses, see Veda (disambiguation).
The Vedas (Sanskrit کينډۍ:IAST वेद "knowledge") are a large corpus of texts originating in Ancient India. They form the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature[1] and the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism.[2]
د هندي كولتور له مخې، وېدونه د انسان جوړښت او ليكنې نه دي. بلكه دا د څښتن له لورې وحې كړاى شوي كتابونه دي، او له هغه څخه سرچينه اخلي،دا وحې د هندو مذهب په پېغمبرانو (رېشيانو) باندې رانازلې شوې دي.
د هندوانو پر وړاند دا سپېڅلي كتابونه د الهي وحى درجه لري، [3] نو لدې امله يې د سروتي śruti يا هغه څه چې اورېدل شويې وي، په نامه يادوي. ").[4][5] ويدي منترونه ددې مذهب په لمانځنو، مذهبي غونډو او داسې نورو د خوشاليو غونډو كې لوستل كېږي.
هغه مذهبي او فلسفي ډلې چې د هند په نيمه وچه كې منځته راغلي، د وېدونو په اړه، يو له بله بېل نظر لري. د هندي فلسفې ښوونځيو چا چې وېدونه د خپلو فلسفي ښوونځيو
دوه نورو هندي فلسفي ډلو بوديزم او جېنيزم وېدونه په بشپړ ډول رد كړل، او له منلو څخه يې انكار وكړ، او ځانته، ځانته لارې يې خپلېكړې. په هندي فلسفه كې دا ډلې د ويد نه منونكو ښوونځيو په نامه يادېږي. "heterodox" or "non-Vedic" (nāstika) schools.[6]
نيوليک |
[سمادول] Etymology and usage
The Sanskrit word کينډۍ:IAST "knowledge, wisdom" is derived from the root vid- "to know". This is reconstructed as being derived from the Proto-Indo-European root کينډۍ:PIE, meaning "see" or "know".[7]
As a noun, the word appears only in a single instance in the Rigveda, in RV 8.19.5, translated by Griffith as "ritual lore":
- کينډۍ:IAST
- "The mortal who hath ministered to Agni with oblation, fuel, ritual lore, and reverence, skilled in sacrifice."
The noun is from PIE کينډۍ:PIE, cognate to Greek (ϝ)εἶδος "aspect, form". Not to be confused is the homonymous 1st and 3rd person singular perfect tense کينډۍ:IAST, cognate to Greek (ϝ)οἶδα (w)oida "I know". Root cognate are Greek ἰδέα, English wit, witness, German wissen (to know, knowledge), Swedish veta (to know), Latin video (I see), Czech vím (I know) or vidím (I see) .[8]
In its narrowest sense, the term Veda is used to refer to the Samhitas (collection of mantras, or chants) associated with the four canonical Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharavaveda) though typically the reference also includes the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads attached to the Samhitas. In post-Vedic speculation, the term was further extended to refer to Itihasas (epics) and Puranas, each of which is sometimes designated as the "fifth Veda"; and in its widest interpretation, Veda can subsume "potentially all brahmanical texts, teachings and practices."[9] In its primary meaning, as a common noun meaning "knowledge"", کينډۍ:IAST can also be used to refer to fields of study unrelated to liturgy or ritual, freely compounded e.g. in کينډۍ:IAST "medical science", کينډۍ:IAST "science of agriculture" or کينډۍ:IAST "science of snakes"; کينډۍ:IAST means "without knowledge, ignorant".
[سمادول] Dating
- Main article: Vedic period
The Vedas are arguably the oldest sacred texts that are still used. Most Indologists agree that an oral tradition existed long before a literary tradition gradually sets in from about the 2nd century BCE.[10] Due to the ephemeral nature of the manuscript material (birch bark or palm leaves), surviving manuscripts rarely surpass an age of a few hundred years. The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Rigveda are dated to the 11th century.
The Vedic period lasts for at least a millennium, spanning the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. کينډۍ:Harvtxt sums up mainstream estimates, according to which the Rigveda was composed from as early as 1500 BCE over a period of several centuries. The Vedic period reaches its peak only after the composition of the mantra texts, with the establishment of the various shakhas all over Northern India which annotated the mantra samhitas with Brahmana commentaries, and reaches its end in the age of Buddha and Panini and the rise of the Mahajanapadas (archaeologically, Northern Black Polished Ware). Michael Witzel gives a time span of c. 1500 BCE to c. 500-400 BCE. Witzel makes special reference to the Mitanni material of ca. 1400 BCE is the only epigraphic record of Indo-Aryan that may date to the Rigvedic period, admitting this does still not allow for an absolute dating of any Vedic text. He gives 150 BCE (Patanjali) as a terminus ante quem for all Vedic Sanskrit literature, and 1200 BCE (the early Iron Age) as terminus post quem for the Atharvaveda.[11]
[سمادول] د ويدي ليكنو كټګوريانې
د ويدا مذهبي او فلسفي ليكنې په لومړي سر كې په څلورو ويدي كتابونو وېشل كږي:
- رېګ وېدا
- ساما وېدا
- يجور وېدا
- اتر وېدا
له دېڅخه وروسته دا هر كتاب په څلورو برخو وېشل كېږي:
- The Samhita (Sanskrit کينډۍ:IAST, "collection"), are collections of metric texts ("mantras"). There are four "Vedic" Samhitas: the Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Atharva-Veda, most of which are available in several recensions (کينډۍ:IAST). In some contexts, the term Veda is used to refer to these Samhitas. This is the oldest layer of Vedic texts, apart from the Rigvedic hymns, which were probably essentially complete by 1200 BC, dating to ca. the 12th to 10th centuries BC. The complete corpus of Vedic mantras as collected in Bloomfield's Vedic Concordance (1907) consists of some 89,000 padas (metric feet), of which 72,000 occur in the four Samhitas.[14]
- The Brahmanas are prose texts that discuss, in technical fashion, the solemn sacrificial rituals as well as comment on their meaning and many connected themes. Each of the Brahmanas is associated with one of the Samhitas or its recensions. The Brahmanas may either form separate texts or can be partly integrated into the text of the Samhitas. They may also include the Aranyakas and Upanishads.
- The Aranyakas, or "wilderness texts", are the concluding part of the Brahmanas that contain discussions and interpretations of dangerous rituals (to be studied outside the settlement) and various sorts of additional materials.
- The Upanishads are largely philosophical works in dialog form. They discuss question of nature philosophy and the fate of the soul, and contain some mystic and spiritual interpretations of the Vedas. For long, they have been regarded as their putative end and essence, and are thus known as Vedānta ("the end of the Vedas"). Taken together, they are the basis of the Vedanta school.
This group of texts is called shruti (Sanskrit: کينډۍ:IAST; "the heard"). Since post-Vedic times it has been considered to be revealed wisdom, as distinct from other texts, collectively known as smriti (Sanskrit: کينډۍ:IAST; "the remembered"), that is texts that are considered to be of human origin. This system of categorization was developed by Max Müller and, while it is subject to some debate, it is still widely used. As Axel Michaels explains:
These classifications are often not tenable for linguistic and formal reasons: There is not only one collection at any one time, but rather several handed down in separate Vedic schools; Upanişads ... are sometimes not to be distinguished from کينډۍ:IAST...; کينډۍ:IAST contain older strata of language attributed to the کينډۍ:IAST; there are various dialects and locally prominent traditions of the Vedic schools. Nevertheless, it is advisable to stick to the division adopted by Max Müller because it follows the Indian tradition, conveys the historical sequence fairly accurately, and underlies the current editions, translations, and monographs on Vedic literature."[15]
The Shrauta Sutras, regarded as belonging to the smriti, are late Vedic in language and content, thus forming part of the Vedic Sanskrit corpus.[16][17] The composition of the Shrauta and Grhya Sutras (ca. 6th century BC) marks the end of the Vedic period , and at the same time the beginning of the flourishing of the "circum-Vedic" scholarship of Vedanga, introducing the early flowering of classical Sanskrit literature in the Maurya period.
While production of Brahmanas and Aranyakas ceases with the end of the Vedic period, there is a large number of Upanishads composed after the end of the Vedic period. While most of the ten mukhya Upanishads can be considered to date to the Vedic or Mahajanapada period, most of the 108 Upanishads of the full Muktika canon date to the Common Era. The Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and Upanishads often interpret the polytheistic and ritualistic Samhitas in philosophical and metaphorical ways to explore abstract concepts such as the Absolute (Brahman), and the soul or the self (Atman), introducing Vedanta philosophy, the basis of later Hinduism.
[سمادول] Vedic schools or recensions
- Main article: Shakha
Study of the extensive body of Vedic texts has been organized into a number of different schools or branches (Sanskrit کينډۍ:IAST, literally "branch" or "limb") each of which specialized in learning certain texts.[18] Multiple recensions are known for each of the Vedas, and each Vedic text may have a number of schools associated with it. Elaborate methods for preserving the text were originally based on memorizing by heart instead of writing. Specific techniques for parsing and chanting the texts were used to assist in the memorization process. (See also: patha)
Exegetical literature developed in the Vedic schools but comparatively few early medieval commentaries have survived. Sayana, from the 14th century, is known for his elaborate commentaries on the Vedic texts. All classes (varna) in early Vedic society were allowed to study the Vedas and there were Vedic sages that authored the Vedas(Rishis)that were women. However, the later dharmashastras, from the Sutra age, dictate and women and Shudras were neither required nor allowed to study the Veda.[citation needed] These dharmashastras regard the study of the Vedas a religious duty of the three upper varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas).[citation needed]
[سمادول] څلور ويدونه
The canonical division of the Vedas is fourfold (کينډۍ:IAST) viz.,[19]
- ريګ ويدا (RV)
- يجور ويدا (YV, with the main division TS vs. VS)
- ساما ويدا (SV)
- اتروا ويدا (AV)
Of these, the first three were the principal original division, also called کينډۍ:IAST, "the triple کينډۍ:IAST", that is, "the triple sacred science" of reciting hymns (RV), performing sacrifices (YV), and chanting (SV).[20][21] This triplicity is so introduced in the Brahmanas (ShB, ABr and others), but the Rigveda is the only original work of the three with the other two largely borrowing from it.
Thus, the Mantras are properly of three forms: 1. Ric, which are verses of praise in metre, and intended for loud recitation; 2. Yajus, which are in prose, and intended for recitation in a lower tone at sacrifices; 3. Sāman, which are in metre, and intended for chanting at the Soma ceremonies.
The Yajurveda and Samaveda are not so much independent collections of prayers and hymns as special prayer- and hymn-books intended as manuals for the Adhvaryu and Udgatr priests respectively.
Subsequently, the Atharvaveda was added as the fourth Veda. Its status was probably not completely accepted till after Manusmrti, which often speaks of the three Vedas, calling them trayam-brahma-sanātanam, "the triple eternal Veda". The Atharvaveda like the Rigveda, is a collection of original hymns mixed up with incantations, borrowing little from the Rig and having no direct relation to sacrifices, but supposed by mere recitation to produce long life, to cure diseases, or effect the ruin of enemies.
Each of the four Vedas consists of the metrical Mantra or Samhita and the prose Brahmana part, giving directions for the detail of the ceremonies at which the Mantras were to be used and explanations of the legends connected with the Mantras. Both these portions are termed shruti, heard but not composed or written down by men. Each of the four Vedas seems to have passed through numerous Shakhas or schools, giving rise to various recensions of the text. They each have an Index or Anukramani, the principal work of this kind being the general Index or کينډۍ:IAST.
[سمادول] رېګ ويدا
- Main article: Rigveda
The Rig-Veda Samhita is the oldest significant extant Indian text.[22] It is a collection of 1,028 Vedic Sanskrit hymns and 10,600 verses in all, organized into ten books (Sanskrit: mandalas).[23] The hymns are dedicated to Rigvedic deities.[24]
The books were composed by sages and poets from different priestly groups over a period of at least 500 years, which Avari dates as 1400 BCE to 900 BCE, if not earlier[25] According to Max Müller, based on internal evidence (philological and linguistic), the Rigveda was composed roughly between 1700–1100 BCE (the early Vedic period) in the Punjab (Sapta Sindhu) region of the Indian subcontinent.[26] Michael Witzel believes that the Rig Veda must have been composed more or less in the period 1450-1350 BCE.[27]
There are strong linguistic and cultural similarities between the Rigveda and the early Iranian Avesta, deriving from the Proto-Indo-Iranian times, often associated with the Andronovo culture; the earliest horse-drawn chariots were found at Andronovo sites in the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area near the Ural mountains an
