Yaoi

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Yaoi (やおい) is a publishing genre which focuses on male/male relationships.^[1] The genre originated in Japan and encompasses manga, anime, novels and dōjinshi. Yaoi directed toward women, the subtype most well-known outside of Japan,^{[citation needed]} is called BL or Boy's Love.^[2] Despite the genre being called Boy's Love, the males may be of any age, the term for works focused on underage boys being shotacon.^[3] Yaoi has spread beyond Japan; yaoi material is available in the United States, as well as other Western and Eastern nations worldwide.

Yaoi began in the doujinshi markets of Japan in the late 1970s, mostly as parody works; but male same-sex love had previously been presented in shonen-ai, june and tanbi works. BL authors and fans are careful to distinguish BL from “gay manga”, which is created by and for gay men.^[4][5] Some male mangaka have produced BL works.^[6]

The main characters in yaoi usually conform to the stereotypes of the older, masculine seme who pursues the younger, feminine uke.

Contents 1 Terminology 1.1 Pronunciation 1.2 Etymology 1.3 Usage 1.4 Seme and uke 2 Doujinshi 3 American yaoi 4 Publishing 4.1 Japanese BL Magazines and their Imprints 5 Fandom demographics 6 See also 7 References 7.1 General references 8 Further reading

[edit] Terminology

[edit] Pronunciation

In careful Japanese enunciation, all three vowels are pronounced separately, for a three-mora word, IPA: [jaoi] Ya-oh-ee.
However, it is frequently heard with only two syllables, [jaoi̯] .

In English, yaoi is commonly pronounced /ˈjaʊiː/ Yowie.^[7]

[edit] Etymology

Yaoi (やおい) is derived from an acronym of the Japanese phrase 「ヤマなし、オチなし、意味なし」 (yama nashi, ochi nashi, imi nashi), often translated into English as, "no climax, no resolution, no meaning,"^[6] or as the catchphrase, "No peak, no point, no problem." However the term is not always used that way.

The term appears to have been originally used in Japan, perhaps as early as the 1970s, to describe any dôjinshi that was a bizarre, playful parody; however, it has come to refer solely to sexually explicit male-male homosexual material. Yasuko Sakata and Rinko Hatsu were part of the doujinshi market in the 70s that coined and popularised the term yaoi.^[4]Yaoi is not a common term in Japanese; it is specific to the otaku subculture.

[edit] Usage

The 「ヤマなし、オチなし、意味なし」 (yama nashi, ochi nashi, imi nashi) phrase refers to how yaoi has more emphasis on the symbolism and stylisation of the characters (see Seme and uke) and their emotions than a plot.^[8]

Although different meanings are often ascribed to yaoi and boy's love, (with yaoi generally said to be more explicit and BL generally said to being less so) there is conflicting information on their usage.^[7]

Yaoi is an umbrella term in the West for male/male manga or Japan-inspired comics.^[9] The actual name of the genre aimed toward women in Japan is called 'BL' or 'Boy's Love'. BL is aimed at the shōjo] and josei demographics, but is considered a separate category.^[9] Yaoi is used in Japan to include dōjinshi and sex scenes,^[9] and does not include gay manga.^[4][9]

Contrary to the belief of many English-speaking fans, "yaoi" is not the primary name of this genre in Japan. Originally much of the material was called "june",^[9] a name derived from a publication of the same name that published male/male tanbi romances, stories written for and about the worship of beauty using particularly flowery language.^[9] Eventually the term "june" died out in favor of "BL" which remains the most common name.^[9] "BL" or "Boy's Love" continues to be the most common name for female-oriented yaoi,^{[citation needed]} and yaoi for gay men by gay men is called "gay manga."^{[citation needed]}

Another term for yaoi is 801. "801" can be read as "yaoi" in the following form: the "short" reading (on'yomi) of the number 8 is "ya", 0 can be read as "o" - a western influence without doubt, while the on'yomi for 1 is "i" (see Japanese wordplay). For example, an Internet manga called Tonari no 801-chan, about an otaku guy who wants to date a fujoshi (yaoi fangirl), has been adapted into a serialised shōjo manga and a live-action film. 801-chan, the mascot of a Japanese shopping centre, is used in the manga.^[10]

Yaoi and shōnen-ai are terms that are sometimes used by western fans to describe the contents of one title in the genre. Here yaoi is used to describe titles which contain sex scenes and other sexually explicit themes. The counterpart, shōnen-ai, is used to describe titles that focus more on romance and do not include explicit sexual content. This definition of yaoi sometimes clashes with the usage of the word to describe the genre as a whole and the subject is often a cause for debate.

While shōnen-ai literally means "boy's love", the two terms are not synonymous. In Japan, shōnen-ai used to refer to a now obsolete shōjo subgenre that told stories of prepubescent boys in relationships ranging from the platonic to the romantic. The term was originally and is currently used to describe pedophilia. Boy's Love, on the other hand, is used as a genre's name and refers to all titles regardless of sexual content or the ages of characters in the story.^[9]

[edit] Seme and uke

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The two participants in a yaoi relationship are often referred to as seme ("attacker",攻め or せめ) and uke ("receiver",受け). These terms originated in martial arts and do not carry any degrading connotations. Seme derives from the Japanese verb semeru (“to attack”) and uke from the Japanese verb ukeru (“to receive”). Though gay males are often referred to in English as "tops" or "bottoms," seme and uke are more nearly analogous to "pitcher" and "catcher." The seme and uke are often drawn in the bishōnen style and are "highly idealised",^[11] blending both masculine and feminine qualities.^[8]

The seme is often depicted as the stereotypical male of anime and manga culture: restrained, physically powerful, and/or protective. The seme generally has a stronger chin, shorter hair, smaller eyes, and a more stereotypically masculine demeanour than the uke. The seme usually pursues the uke. The uke usually has softer, youthful, feminine features with bigger eyes and a smaller build, and is often physically weaker than the seme.^[12][13][14] He is usually less experienced with romance or sex and his interactions with the seme often make for his first homosexual experience.^{[citation needed]} Anal sex is a prevalent theme in yaoi, as nearly all stories feature it in some way.^[13] The storyline where an uke is reluctant to have anal sex with a seme is considered to be similar to the reader's reluctance to have sex whilst still a virgin.^[15] Another common trope is where the seme pursues the uke to the point of rape, as "an expression of love".^[13] Despite this, the seme is shown as being truly in love with the uke.^[4] One stereotype that is criticised is that the protagonists do not identify as gay, but rather are simply in love with that particular person.^[13][5] This is pointed to as avoiding having to address prejudices against people who consider themselves to have been born homosexual.^[5] Newer yaoi stories have characters that identify as gay.^[6] There has also been criticism of the uke in particular - that he has stereotypically bad "girly" behaviour.^[14] It has been noted that yaoi stories are often told from the uke's perspective.^[12]

Though these stereotypes are common, not all works adhere to them.^[14][7] For example, some of the anthologies published by Biblos feature stories on themes such as "younger seme" or "ribariba/reversables."^{[citation needed]} The "height rule," the rule by which the taller character is the seme, is also sometimes broken.^{[citation needed]} There is also the term "gekokujō" referring to when the character with more uke characteristics (be it physically or emotionally) actually plays the seme role in the sexual elements of the relationship.^{[citation needed]} The term means "lower slays higher" and comes from feudal times when a servant would slay his lord in order to gain power.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Doujinshi

The doujinshi subculture has been considered the Japanese equivalent of the English-language slash fandom, especially as they both do not have typical "narrative structure" and science fiction works are particularly popular in both.^[8] Typical yaoi doujinshi features male-male pairings from non-romantic, published manga and anime. Much of the material derives from male-oriented shōnen and seinen works which contained male-male close friendships and are perceived by fans to imply homosexual attraction, such as with Captain Tsubasa.^[4] However, yaoi fans may ship any male-male pairing, sometimes pairing off a favourite character, or creating a story about two men and fitting existing characters into the story.^[4]

Though collectors often focus on doujinshi based on particular manga, any male character may become the subject of a yaoi doujinshi, even characters from non-manga titles such as Harry Potter^[4] and Pirates of the Caribbean. Video games have also been parodied, including titles like Kingdom Hearts and Final Fantasy.^[16][17]

Most doujinshi is created by amateurs who often work in "circles"^{[citation needed]}; for example, the group CLAMP began as an amateur doujinshi circle. However, some professional artists, such as Kodaka Kazuma and Maki Murakami, create doujinshi as well. The bulk of yaoi manga is doujinshi,^{[13][dubious – discuss]} and some publishing companies have used doujinshi published in the 1980s to spot talented amateurs,^[13] such as Biblos hiring Youka Nitta.^[18]

Important characteristics of the early yaoi doujinshi were that they were amateur publications not controlled by media restrictions, the stories were by teens for other teens, they were based on famous characters who were in their teens or early twenties, the same age as the yaoi fans.^[19]During the early 1990s, doujinshi played a part in popularising yaoi.^[11]

[edit] American yaoi

As Japanese yaoi gained popularity in the U.S., a few American artists began creating gay-themed original English-language manga referred to as "American yaoi." What started as a small subculture in North America, has, in the last three years, become a burgeoning market, as new publishers began producing male/male erotic comics and manga from creators outside Japan.^[20] Because creators from all parts of the globe are published in these original English language works, the term 'American yaoi' is not used; the term 'Global BL', is considered more acceptable.

Current North American publishers of 'Global BL' are Yaoi Press, who currently have over twenty titles on the market,^[21] Iris Print,^[22] as well as licensors DramaQueen and Seven Seas Entertainment. DramaQueen debuted their 'Global BL' quarterly anthology RUSH in 2006.^[23]

[edit] Publishing

The earliest magazine about Boy's Love was June, which began in 1978.^[13] The Japanese publisher Biblos (from the mid 90s) was once the most commercially successful publisher of yaoi in Japan,^{[citation needed]} but their bankruptcy due to failure of their parent company^[13] caused them to fold in April 2006,^[24] and provided an opportunity for competitors to take up a larger share of the professional yaoi and BL manga market.^{[citation needed]}

Japanese yaoi and BL works are sold to English-speaking countries by companies that translate and print them in English; companies such as Digital Manga Publishing with their imprints 801 Media (for explicit yaoi) and June (for "romantic and sweet" yaoi),^[25] as well as DramaQueen, Kitty Media, and Tokyopop under their imprint BLU. The earliest officially translated yaoi manga sold was in 2003, and as of 2006 there were about 130 English-translated yaoi titles commercially available.^[13]

[edit] Japanese BL Magazines and their Imprints

Aqua Comics – Asuka CL DX – B's Anima Seires – Bamboo Comics – Be X Boy Comics – Boys L – Chara Comics – Chocolat Comics – Dear + Comics - Deux Press – Diamond Comics – Daria Comics -Drap Comics – Enrous Comics – Gush Comics – Gust Comics – Hanaoto Comics – Hanamaru Comics - Hana to Yume Comics - Hit Comics – Ikisuchi Comics - June Comics – June Pierce Series – Kousai Comics – Marble Comics - Princess Comics - Margaret Comics – Misshi Comics – OAK Comix – Paper Moon Comics - Pixy Comics – Racish Comics – Sanwa Comics – SBK C (Shobukan Comics) – Scholar LC Rutile Series – Shuubeiru Comics – Shy Comics – SUPER BBC – Zero Comics - Shota Comics - Yaoi Hentai Comics

[edit] Fandom demographics

Most yaoi fans are either teenage girls or young women (figures of 80%,^[26] and 85% have been proposed).^[27] It is usually assumed that all of these are heterosexual, but there is also a presence of lesbian manga authors^[6] and lesbian, bisexual or questioning female readers.^[28] Although the genre is marketed at women and girls, gay,^[13] bisexual and straight men^[29][30] also form part of the readership. That is not to say that all gay men are fans of the genre as some are put off by the feminine art style or unrealistic depictions of gay life and instead seek gay manga, written for or by gay men,^[6] as gay manga is perceived to be more realistic.^[4] Lunsing notes that some of the narrative annoyances that gay men express about yaoi manga are also present in gay manga.^[6] Some male mangaka have produced yaoi works, using their successes in yaoi to then go on to publish gay manga.^[6]

As of 1994, fan translations of the series From Eroica with Love began to circulate through the North American slash fiction community, creating a "tenuous link" between slash and shonen-ai.^[31] Although the English-speaking online yaoi fandom is observed to increasingly overlap with online slash fandom,^[32][27] yaoi fans tend to be younger than slash fans, and so are less squicked about depictions of underage sexuality.^[33]

In the mid-1990s, estimates of the size of the Japanese yaoi fandom were at 100,000-500,000 people.^[6]

As of 2003, on Japanese-language internet sites, there were roughly equal proportions of sites dedicated to yaoi as there were sites by and for gay men about homosexuality.^[34] As of April 2005, a search for non-Japanese sites resulted in 785,000 English, 49,000 Spanish, 22,400 Korean, 11,900 Italian and 6,900 Chinese sites.^[27] In January 2007, there were five million hits for 'yaoi'.^[35] As of June 2008, 18 million.^{[original research?]}

[edit] See also

• Homosexuality in Japan
• Category:Yaoi—for specific yaoi titles.
• Yuri—the female counterpoint of yaoi.

[edit] References

[edit] General references

[edit] Further reading

This article or section, while providing some complete reference citations, includes a list of references or external links, and its verifiability remains partly unclear because it has insufficient in-text citations. You can improve this article by introducing more precise citations.

• Berry, Chris, Fran Martin, and Audrey Yue (editors) (2003). Mobile Cultures: New Media in Queer Asia. Durham, North Carolina; London: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3087-3.
• Butcher, Christopher (December 11, 2007). "Queer love manga style". Xtra!.
• Cha, Kai-Ming (7 March 2005) Yaoi Manga: What Girls Like? Publishers Weekly
• Chavez, Ed (30 October 2007) Yaoi-Con and BL, No Longer “Niche” Publishers Weekly
• Fletcher, Dani (May 2002). Guys on Guys for Girls - Yaoi and Shounen Ai. Sequential Tart.
• Fujimoto Yukari (2004). "Transgender: Female Hermaphrodites and Male Androgynes". U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal 27: 76.
• Johnston, M.J. (May 2002). "A Brief History of Yaoi". Sequential Tart.
• Lees, Sharon (June 2006). "Yaoi and Boys Love". Akiba Angels.
• Lees, Sharon (July 2006). "Be Beautiful: Yaoi Publishers Interviews Part 3". Akiba Angels.
• McHarry, Mark. "Identity Unmoored: Yaoi in the West". In Thomas Peele, ed., Queer Popular Culture: Literature, Media, Film, and Television. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ISBN 140397490X.
• McLelland, Mark; Yoo, Seunghyun (March 2007). "The International Yaoi Boys' Love Fandom and the Regulation of Virtual Child Pornography: The Implications of Current Legislation". Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal of NSRC, Vol. 4, No. 1, pages 93–104. DOI:10.1525/srsp.2007.4.1.93.
• Mizoguchi Akiko (2003). "Male-Male Romance by and for Women in Japan: A History and the Subgenres of Yaoi Fictions". U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal, 25: 49.
• Nagaike Kazumi (2003). "Perverse Sexualities, Perverse Desires: Representations of Female Fantasies and Yaoi Manga as Pornography Directed at Women. U.S.-Japan Women’s Journal, 25: 76.
• Suzuki, Kazuko. 1999. "Pornography or Therapy? Japanese Girls Creating the Yaoi Phenomenon". In Sherrie Inness, ed., Millennium Girls: Today's Girls Around the World. London: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 243–267. ISBN 0847691365, ISBN 0847691373.
• Valenti, Kristy L. (2005). "'Stop, My Butt Hurts!' - The Yaoi Invasion". The Comics Journal, issue 269.
• Vincent, Keith (2007) "A Japanese Electra and Her Queer Progeny" Mechademia 2