Xoanon

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A xoanon (Greek: ξόανον; plural: ξόανα xoana, from the verb ξέειν, xein, to carve or scrape [wood]^[1]) was an Archaic wooden cult image of Ancient Greece. Classical Greeks associated such cult objects, whether aniconic or effigy, with the legendary Daedalus. Many such cult images were preserved into historical times, though none have survived to the modern day. In the second century CE, Pausanias described numerous xoana in his Description of Greece, notably the image of Hera in her temple at Samos. "The statue of Samian Hera, as Aethilos says, was a wooden beam at first, but afterwards, when Prokles was ruler, it was humanized in form" (Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus 40, 41, noted in Stewart).

For Strabo, the "carved" xoanon might also be of ivory;^[2] Pausanias, however, always uses xoanon in its best, strict sense, to denote a wooden image; at Corinth Pausanias noted that "The sanctuary of Athena Chalinitis is by the theater, and near it is a naked xoanon of Herakles, said to be by Daidalos. All the works of this artist, though somewhat uncouth to look at, nevertheless have a touch of the divine in them." (Description, 2.4.5)

Of the works of Daidalos there are two in Boeotia, a Herakles in Thebes and the Trophonios at Lebadeia. There are also two other xoana in Crete, a Britomartis at Olous and an Athena at Knossos.... At Delos, too, there is a small xoanon of Aphrodite, its right hand damaged by time, and instead of feet its lower part is square.^[3] I am persuaded that Ariadne got this image from Daidalos. (Pausanias, 9.40.3).

"Plank figure" of chalk, Early Cypriot III to Middle Cypriot I, 1900-1800 BCE (Museum of Cycladic Art, Athens)

Similar xoana were ascribed by the Greeks to the contemporary of Daedalus, the equally legendary Smilis. Such figures were often clothed in real textiles, such as the peplos that was woven and ceremonially delivered to Athena on the Acropolis of Athens into historic times.

Some types of archaic xoana may be reflected in archaic marble versions, such as the pillar-like "Hera of Samos" (Louvre Museum), the flat "Hera of Delos" or some archaic kouros-type figures that may represent Apollo.

In Athens was preserved in the Erechtheum an ancient olivewood^[4] effigy of Athena (the Palladion) that the Athenians believed had fallen to earth from the heavens, as a gift to Athens; it was still to be seen in the second century CE.^[5] On the island of Icaria a rustic piece of wood was venerated for the spirit of Artemis it contained or represented (Burkert). Ovid in Metamorphoses (10.693ff) describes how in the cave of Cybele numerous wooden images are to be seen.

The wood of which a xoanon was carved was often symbolic: olivewood,^[6] pearwood, Vitex, oak,^[7] are all specifically mentioned. a type of cult figure in which the face hands and feet were carved of wood and the rest of marble is called acrolith. It should be noted that in Pausanias' travels he never mentions seeing a xoanon of a mortal man.

Such an archaic image of wood of the Tauric goddess was stolen by Iphigeneia and Orestes in Iphigeneia in Tauris (lines 1359-59).

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

• Andrew Stewart, One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works, passim.
• Walter Burkert, Greek Religion, 1985. II.5.3 Temple and Cult image
• James George Frazer, Pausanias: Description of Greece, translation and commentary, II, pp 69-70.

[edit] See also

• Palladion
• Daidala

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