Vaporizer

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A conduction-style vaporizer from the 1970s. The material to be vaporized is placed on the electrically heated metal plate in the center. The vapors are contained in the glass bell and inhaled through the plastic tube in the foreground.

A vaporizer (or vaporiser) is a device used to release the active ingredients of plant material, commonly cannabis, or tobacco, or to release therapeutic compounds from herbs (phyto-inhalation; see also: aromatherapy). Vaporizing is an alternative to smoking. Rather than burning the herb, which produces numerous harmful by-products, a vaporizer heats the material, ideally to 180°C (356°F), so that the active compounds contained in the plant melt, causing a phase change of the matter, which is now an aromatic vapor. This new gas is not smoke from combustion, but an evaporated vapor that has the appearance of smoke. This vapor ideally contains virtually zero particulate matter (tar) and reduced noxious gases such as carbon monoxide. Vapors may be filtered and cooled further using a water pipe or an inline water/ice attachment. The vapors are then inhaled directly; through a hose or pipe, or are then stored for subsequent inhalations in a container such as a "dome" or "balloon". With little to no smoke produced, cooler temperatures, and less material required to achieve the same effect, the irritating/harmful effects of smoking are greatly reduced or eliminated along with second hand smoke by using a vaporizer. This makes vaporizers useful in places where there are public bans on smoking.

[edit] Medical implications

The shortcomings of smoked cannabis have been widely viewed as a major obstacle for the approval of medical marijuana. In response, several scientific studies have tried to establish whether vaporizers could offer a clinically reliable and safe method of cannabis use. Though vaporizers show great variations of performance, model to model, such studies have always found vaporization superior to smoking. When using high-end vaporizers along with high grade cannabis (containing elevated levels of THC), all undesired compounds are found to be eliminated, in a manner consistent enough for clinical trials.^{[citation needed]} In comparison to other THC delivery methods such as ingestion, vaporization offers the advantages of: rapid onset, direct delivery into the bloodstream, and the possibility to gradually increase delivery until the desired level is reached; enabling for more effective self-dosage.

[edit] Types

Cannabis after vaporization

Vaporizers are available in many varieties and price ranges.

Simple vaporizers commonly use a lighter as heat source.

Precise vaporizers use an electric heating element, often featuring a temperature control. High-end models such as the 'Volcano' by Storz & Bickel tend to retail for around $550-$750 USD.

Broadly, vaporizers may be classified by how they heat the substance:

• By conduction
• By convection
• By radiation

In conduction heating, the substance is placed on a metal plate that is then heated to release the active constituents. The direct contact between hot metal and the herbs can cause them to burn; thus this is not a preferred approach and is rarely used in modern vaporizer designs.

In convection heating, the substance itself never touches a heating element. Instead, hot air passes through it, heating it rapidly, and allowing the release of the active constituents. This method of heating releases more active constituents than conduction heating, especially if the extraction chamber utilizes Venturi effect design.^{[citation needed]}

In radiation heating, the substance is subjected to bright light. The substance absorbs radiant energy and its temperature raises.

Many convection vaporizers use a tube (called a "Whip") that is held to the heat source, through which the user inhales the vapors. Some vaporizers have a bag or balloon attachment; vapor is blown into the bag, and the user detaches the bag and inhales the contents.

Another important classification for vaporizers includes the type of materials used in the heating element, the extraction chambers, and delivery means. Most common "wood box and whip" type vaporizers use a heating element with a glass extraction chamber and plastic or rubber tubing for delivery. This is a very effective approach; however, there are concerns about off-gassing depending on what materials were used in the construction. Certain vaporizers utilize a heating chamber completely separated from all electronics. Some companies, are now using a higher-grade plastic hose while the makers of the higher end vaporizers have opted for a silicone hose. A high end vaporizer made in Germany, uses an aluminum heat exchanger and a food grade plastic bag (known as a "zeppelin") for storage and delivery.

[edit] Health and medical use

A Vapor-Bong.

Regardless of the benefits of medical cannabis, the widely perceived health risks of smoking as a route of administration have been viewed as a major obstacle for the legal approval of cannabis for medical uses, though some studies indicate that the expectorant activity of THC may help the lungs remove much of the inhaled tar through coughing. ^[1] In response to the concerns, several studies have aimed to establish whether or not vaporizers could offer a clinically reliable and safe route of administration for cannabis. Though vaporizers show great variations in performance, such studies have consistently found vaporization superior to smoking and with best case (high-end vaporizers used with potent cannabis) results showing an elimination of undesired compounds suitable for clinical trials.^{[citation needed]} In comparison to other routes of administering cannabis such as eating, vaporization offers the advantages of inhalation - immediate delivery into the bloodstream, rapid onset of effect, and more precise titration, the ability to more accurately control the dosage to produce a desired effect.

[edit] Scientific studies

At least five scientific studies have examined vaporizers. Studies have found the release of harmful constituents dramatically reduced^[2] or completely eliminated.^[3] Substantial reductions were also found for the M1-volatizer.^[4] However, a 1996 study^[5] including two simple vaporizers still found ten times more tar in the vapor than THC, although this was nevertheless up to a 30% improvement compared to the best alternative smoking method.

In 2007, a study by University of California, San Francisco published in the Official Journal of the American Academy of Neurology^[6] examined the effectiveness of a vaporizer that heats cannabis to a temperature between 180°C (356°F) and 200°C (392°F) degrees and found:

In 2006, a study performed by researchers at Leiden University, tested a Volcano Vaporizer with preparations of pure THC and found that:^[3]

When using plant material (crude flower tops), besides THC, several other cannabinoids as well as a range of other plant components including terpenoids were detected in the plant material. However, using pure THC in the Volcano Vaporizer, no degradation products (delta-8-THC (D8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), or unknown compounds) were detected by HPLC analysis. Also, a substantially larger fraction of the THC was delivered to the vapor by using pure THC.

Analysis of the vapor from the Volcano Vaporizer found that using multiple passes it delivered 36% - 61% of the THC in the sample.^[2] A more recent study using pure cannabinoid preparations achieved a maximum of 54%.^[3] For comparison, studies of cannabis cigarettes smoked via a smoking machine under varying conditions of puff duration and air speed found very similar efficiencies of 34% to 61%. Consequently, users can achieve the desired effect with a similar amount of material as when smoking.

In a 2001 study testing a device called the M1 Volatizer ^[4], the researchers found that "it is possible to vaporize medically active THC by heating marijuana to a temperature short of the point of combustion, thereby eliminating or substantially reducing harmful smoke toxins that are normally present in marijuana smoke." The M1 Volatizer, produced THC at a temperature of 185°C (365°F), while eliminating three measured combustion products, benzene, toluene and naphthalene. Carbon monoxide and smoke tars were also reduced, but not quantified.

These positive results are in contrast to MAPS/NORML's previous studies into vaporizers which found less encouraging results, leading one to the conclusion that the effectiveness of vaporization varies greatly from vaporizer to vaporizer. See Factors affecting vaporizer output for possible causes of variation.

A 1996 MAPS study ^[5] tested two simple vaporizer models against water pipes and filtered and unfiltered cannabis cigarettes (joints). The smoke produced by each was analyzed for solid particulates (tars) and 3 major cannabinoids. The various smoking methods were then rated based on their cannabinoid-to-tar ratio. The two tested vaporizers performed up to 25% better than unfiltered cannabis cigarettes (second best) in terms of tar delivery. However, both vaporizers produced more than ten times more tars than cannabinoids, which may partly be attributable to the low potency (2.3%) of the NIDA-supplied cannabis used in the study. Surprisingly, the same study found that water pipes (bongs) and filtered cigarettes performed 30% worse than regular, unfiltered joints. The reason was that waterpipes and filters filter out psychoactive THC with the tars, thereby requiring users to smoke more to reach their desired effect. The study did not, however, rule out the possibility that waterpipes could have other benefits, such as filtering out harmful gases such as carbon monoxide.

These studies have not measured the presence of toxic gases, such as ammonia, hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, though previous studies have indicated unquantified decreases in carbon monoxide with vaporization.

Although vaporizers produce cleaner vapors than smoking, they do not completely eliminate respiratory irritation. A puff of strong vaporized cannabis will occasionally cause coughing. This however, could be due to THC itself, which is known to have a strong expectorant effect.

[edit] Extraction and delivery capabilities

The wide range of results from tests of different vaporizers suggest that the choice of vaporizer is a major factor in determining extraction and delivery efficiency as well as the amount of harmful byproducts produced, or not produced, as in the case of a superior system. In Cannabis, and many other medicinal plants, the components responsible for the aromatic nature of the plant will often vaporize at a low-end temperature in the range of extraction temperature values for all the bioactive components. In Cannabis, the temperature range across which the actives will vaporize is at least 56°C (132°F) starting at around 127°C (260°F) where only aromatic compounds of minimal bioactivity will release and going all the way up to 200°C (392°F) with the higher end of this range representing where the cannabinoids of higher bioactivity appear to be released. It is believed that both the total amount of actives delivered as well as the breadth of spectrum delivered per inhalation is critical in determining the value of the delivered dose and, in turn, systems that deliver the highest amount of actives and broadest spectrum of actives per inhalation are believed to be the most effective for medicinal applications: i.e. venturi enhanced extraction / convection based systems.

Proposed factors affecting output include:^[2][3]

• Temperature
• Specimen density
• Weight, content of water and essential oils
• Consistency of material in the filling chamber
• Variety and potency of cannabis used
• Different preparations such as crude flowertops, hashish, hash oil, etc.
• Storage time of the vapor
• Proportion of THC exhaled (breathing technique)

Not all those have been scientifically tested. Research using the vaporizer found the delivery efficiency highest at around 226°C (439°F), falling to about half efficiency at 150°C (302°F) to 180°C (356°F) degrees depending on material ^[3]. The purest preparations produced the highest efficiencies, about 54% for pure THC versus 29% for plant material (female flowertops) with 12% THCA content. Besides THC, several other cannabinoids as well as a range of other plant components including terpenoids were detected in the plant material. Using pure THC in the Volcano Vaporizer, no degradation products (delta-8-THC (D8-THC), cannabinol (CBN), or unknown compounds were detected by HPLC analysis ^[3] .

The longer vapor is stored, the more of the THC is lost as it condenses on the surface of the vaporizer or the balloon. This loss may be negligible over a few minutes but may exceed 50% after 90 minutes ^[3] .

Interestingly, the Leiden Univsersity study ^[3] found that as much as 30%–40% of inhaled THC was not absorbed by the lungs and simply exhaled. However, they did not find large individual differences in the amounts exhaled.

[edit] Byproducts of vaporized cannabis "Re-Burn"

Unlike the black ashes produced by burning plants, the byproducts of vaporization are usually brown. The vaporized remains of cannabis may still contain THC or any number of the other 60 cannabinoids found in the plant that may not be vaporizable. It is possible to extract these cannabinoids using a number of methods, including cooking, making a tincture, or re-vaporizing. It is also possible to smoke these remains and gain a mild psychoactive effect, but the negative health effects typically leave this option as a last resort for someone seeking a high. Some of the slang terms used to refer to the vaporized remains of cannabis include: Cached, ReBurn ,Spent, Phil, Redope, Duff, Revap, Post Roast, Gak, Eva Brown, Mary Brown, Vapoo, Vapor poo, Vaped Chron, or Vaped Bud. When scraped off, the resin buildup within a vaporizer, known as Scrapings, can also be re-vaporized for a potent effect.

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Health issues and the effects of cannabis
• Alcohol without liquid

[edit] External links

• Get Complete Review of Various Vaporizers
• Two Medical Studies Find Vaporized Medical Marijuana is Safe and Effective
• Completed Vaporizer Guide
• NORML/MAPS Study Shows Vaporizer Can Drastically Reduce Toxins in Marijuana Smoke
• Vaporizer Information and Directory
• How to build a convection vaporizer
• How to build a conduction vaporizer
• Patent EP1489930 -- Vaporization Pipe with Flame Filter
• Volcano Patent