Uyghur timeline
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[edit] Introduction
This timeline is a supplement of the main article uyghur it refers to critical period (400-900)in the cultural formation of the Uyghur nation, as they transitioned from a minor Turkic tribe to an empire.
[edit] Events leading to the formation of the Uyghur Empire
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Date | People | Event | Geopolitical Context |
---|---|---|---|
546 | Tumen | Preemptively strikes a planned Töle revolt. | This was an attempt for the vassal Turks to gain ascendancy over the vassal Gaoqu People |
560 | Muqan | Annexes Töle Tribes under a federal system | Muqan demonstrates his qut by the submission of the Töle (i.e. the right of taxation over their livestock) Resolves internal power struggle
|
565 | Wu Chen-Di | Civil war divides the Wei Kingdom | Muqan demonstrates his qut by the submission of the Töle (i.e. the right of taxation over their livestock) Resolves internal power struggle
|
572 | Istämi | Divides Muqan’s realm between his rival successors:
Taspar-Qağan in central region Istämi-Yabgu in far-west region Shetu in east region Jotan in west region |
Traditional power transfer from elder to younger brother then youngest uncle to eldest nephew |
575 | Tardu | Takes power in far-west region | His father dies in Taraz |
575 | You-Zhou | Qi dynasty collapses | Qi = eastern Wei, Rouran allies
Zhou = Western Wei, Turk allies |
578 | Taspar | Repeatedly raids the Zhou kingdom | Under the influence of the Qi exiles
|
578 | Wu-Di | Gives Taspar 100,000 bales of silk and princess Zhou Tsienkien | To create an alliance by marriage to stop the raids
|
578 | Wu-Di | Kidnaps prince Kaozhou while he is hunting | To eliminate his rival to power
|
578 | Taspar | Takes no action against the Zhou kingdom’s violation of his power. Instead he places 10,000 Turks as ‘guests’ in Zhou | He has a secret agreement to trade the Prince Kaozhou for Princess Tsienkien. The lack of honor to a guest outrages the common people. This period shows the beginning of class separation, and the movement of Turkic nobility into the Chinese cultural sphere
|
580 | Shang Sun | Arrives with Zhou Tsienkien and befriends Shetu | To collect information on the Turks for Zhou
|
581 | Wen-Di | At the death of Emp. Jing-Di, He seizes power as regent of the new child emperor | His dynastic claim is based on his daughter, the emperor's Mother
|
581 | Taspar | ???Muqan. | Maybe as part of an agreement between Muqan and Taspar
|
581 | Shetu | Swears he will attack Talopien to uphold tradition, he is the voice of conservative factions | If tradition is followed he will be the next Qağan
|
581 | Änlo | Taspar dies and the toy appoints Änlo | To avoid conflict between the three conflicting claims of Tardu, Shetu, and Talopien
|
581 | Talopien | Threatens Änlo | He views himself as the legal Qağan because he has been given the title by the previous one
|
581 | Änlo | Cedes title to Shetu at ötükän and takes title of second Qağan | In exchange for protection, the empty title and control of the Tola Valley (Uyğur tribes)
|
582 | Wen-Di | Deposes Zhou Emp. and expels the 10,000 Turks from Changan | To show his independence and to end the drain on the treasury
|
582 | Shetu | Forms a coalition force with Tardu, Jotan, and Talopien | To reinforce his position as Qağan and to avenge his wife’s family |
582 | Wen-Di | Sends ambassador Yuan Huei to recognize him as Qağan by presenting him with the symbolic wolf flag at Hami | Tardu is upset that he was not made Qağan by the toy, so Wen-Di gives him diplomatic recognition which legitimizes his claim. He thereby acquires qut . |
582 | Tardu | Declares the far-west region as Sovereign and Separate with himself as Qağan | the far-west region has de facto independence since the Istämi-Muqan era |
583 | Shetu | Blames Talopien for the failures of the campaign | Rivalry and the influence of Shang Sun |
583 | Talopien | Joins Jotan and Boru in the west region. | They are all opposed to Shetu’s paranoia, assassination, and tyranny
west |
583 | Shetu | Kills Talopien's family and burns his yurt in revenge | Altay mtns. |
583 | Tardu & Wen-Di | Attack simultaneously with Khitan (Shetu’s own vassals in the east) | To block Shetu’s power. The attack by his nominal vassals and allies erodes the credibility of Shetu i.e. he has lost qut |
583 | Shetu | Now controls only the central region is hit by famine and asks for Sui Imperial protection | This act officially marks the end of his sovereignty, he is now a Chinese vassal |
584 | Talopien | Takes control of east, central, west regions | Talopien proves himself as the true Qağan by his qut |
585 | Wen-Di | Renames Zhou Tsienkien as Sui Dai | To make Shetu his vassal (son-in-law) because he now fears the growing power of Tardu and Talopien |
585 | Shetu | Sends his son Kohoden as a hostage to Changan | To seal the peace agreement |
585 | Talopien | Defeats Tardu and takes over far-west region (now controls all four regions) | because Tardu no longer enjoys Sui Imperial support, and is a rival to power he must and can be eliminated as a threat. |
585 | Tardu | Flees to Sui protection | because Tardu no longer enjoys Sui Imperial support, and is a rival to power he must and can be eliminated as a threat. |
585 | Töle tribes | Submit to Talopien | He is strong enough to be threaten them therefore he has consolidated power/qut.
|
587 | Shetu | Dies while hunting | An accident, or an assassination?
|
588 | Chulo | Captures Talopien | Family vendetta, his older brother Shetu had been humiliated by this man. The Sui Empire supported this move to balance the growing power of Talopien |
588 | Nili | Replaces Talopien as Qağan; Töle tribes revolt | Try to regain lost independence in chaos of dynastic struggle |
588 | Chulo | Dies fighting Töle | To reassert control over the tribes that had been vassal to Talopien |
588 | Tülan | Takes power and returns to Mongolian Steppe | All the rivals to power in the successional struggle have been neutralized, power reverts to the house of Shetu. |
589 | Wen-Di | Conquers Chen kingdom thus reunifying China | ??? |
590 | Tardu | Attacks Nili to regain the far-west region | He is supported by Tülan who want to see his last rival Nili eliminated. In effect he recognizes the sovereignty of the far-west region.
|
593 | Tülan | Stops paying taxes | ???
|
593 | Sui Dai | Plots with Nili to attack Sui Empire | Revenge against Sui Dynasty for overthrowing her family the Zhou Dynasty |
593 | Shang Sun | Request Tülan kill Sui Dai and he refuses | To demonstrate he no longer is a vassal to the Sui |
593 | Shang Sun | Offers princess Anyi to Zhangar Khan if he will kill Sui Dai | To create a rival to Tülan’s power, and thus restore a balance of power, by creating another civil war
|
593 | Tülan | Suspects Zhangar of treason | Zhangar has received so many gifts and visits from Chinese, this is tantamount to diplomatic recognition |
594 | Tülan | Makes peace with Tardu | Tardu has eliminated his rival, this act formally recognizes the independence of the far-west region by the Khanate |
594 | Shang sun | Bribes an official of the toy and exposes Sui Dai plotting with Chinese (Chen government in exile) and Sogdians (with one of whom she is having an affair) | To make the Tülan lose face in front of the toy to weaken his power. Also to provide a pretext for killing the troublesome Sui Dai |
594 | Tülan | Executes Sui Dai | Under Turkic custom adultery is given the death penalty |
597 | Zhangar | Marries Sui Anyi and rebels against Tülan | By marrying the princess he has a claim to sovereignty |
597 | Tülan | Kills Zhangar’s family and drives him in to the Ordos Loop under Sui Imperial protection | assert his authority |
598 | Tardu | Defeats Nili, Chulo takes his place | assert his authority |
599 | Tülan | Killed in Töle revolt | Töle tribes take advantage of chaos to assert independence |
600 | Tardu | Defeats Chulo and declares himself supreme Qağan | A vacuum of power has been created by the loss of Zhangar, Chulo and Tülan |
600 | Chulo | Takes Sui Imperial protection | The Sui Empire needs him to balance the power of Tardu |
600 | Erkin Tegin | Initiates diplomatic contact with China | This is the first official account of the Uyghur Tribe which at this time lived in the Tola valley with 10,000 yurts |
601 | Chang Sunsheng | Creates an alliance with the Töle Beys including Erkin Tegin of the Uyghur Tribe | This is the first official account of the Uyghur Tribe which at this time lived in the Tola valley with 10,000 yurts |
601 | Tardu | Attacks Changan | As a warning to the Sui Empire not to interfere in the Turk’s internal power struggles |
601 | Shang sun | Poisons all the wells in the Gobi Desert | Tardu’s army is superior and cannot be defeated by conventional warfare |
603 | Erkin Tegin | Töle tribes revolt against Tardu | The Chinese are afraid of Tardu and must eliminate his base of power |
603 | Tardu | Abdicates to Tibet | ??? |
603 | Erkin Tegin | Töle alliance dissolves in the aftermath of the revolt three tribes come under Uyghur control (Bugut, Tongra, Bayirqu | The Uyghurs gained enough qut to pull in other tribes to the alliance 20,00 yurts |
603 | Zhangar | Marries Sui Yicheng and assumes the title Qağan but as a vassal to china | Zhangar is the last of the vassal khans to China. He is particularly devoted and loyal. |
603 | Chulo | Assumes title Qağan in far-west region but as a vassal to China, rules from Tashkent and Kucha | Since Tardu has been eliminated power reverts to the House of Muqan |
605 | Sui Yang-Di | Ascends the Dragon throne | ??? |
609 | Shipi | Takes power after Zhangar | ??? |
609 | Chang Sunsheng | Replaced by Peichu | ??? |
609 | Peichu | Offers to support Shipi’s brother Qağan and a Chinese princess, but he refuses | The traditional tactic of dividing power counter Shipi’s growing strength |
611 | Chulo | Attempts to extend his authority over the Töle | by taxing their livestock |
611 | Töle | Töle tribes revolt under Syr-Tardush driving out Chulo | Uyghurs occupy second position in the alliance |
611 | Shekuei | Takes power and restores house of Tardu | ??? |
615 | Shipi | Subjugates the Töle | ??? |
615 | Shipi | Stops paying taxes to the Sui Empire | Asserts sovereignty |
615 | Peichu | Lures Sogdian vizers to the city of Mai and kills them in a trap | To keep them from exposing the Chinese plots to the Qağan |
615 | Shipi | Attacks Sui Yang-Di | Revenge for his treachery at Mai |
615 | Sui Yiching | Lies to her husband that the Töle tribes are in revolt | So he will leave, saving Sui Yang-Di from capture. What is her motivation? |
615 | Yang-Di | Sui Empire begins civil war | The Humiliation of his defeat damages his prestige |
616 | Tang Taizong | Captures Changan with support of Turks, He gains 20,000 horses and 5,000 cavalry in return for giving the rights to plunder all the gold and women in Changan | ??? |
618 | Tang Taizong | Places his father as emperor of the Tang dynasty | ??? |
626 | Tang Taizong | Kills his brothers and becomes emperor | The Wu-men Gate incident |
627 | Khile Qagan | Tries to tax the Töle to replace his horses that were killed during a summer snow | ??? |
627 | Aynan Khan | Initiates a Syr-Tardush lead revolt of Töle tribes against Khile-Qağan | The Uyghurs again occupy second position under Pusa Ilteber |
627 | Aynan Khan | Declares a Khanate at Otuken | ??? |
630 | Taizong | Attacks in coordination with Khitan and Töle utterly defeating the Turks and taking Khile-Qaghan prisoner | Tang-Töle alliance replaces Sui- Töle against their common foe the Turks |
632 | Tang Taizong | Annexes all Tokharian city states as vassals | Indirect Chinese rule of Tarim city-states |
640 | Tang Taizong | Kucha (Kutsi) rebels in alliance with Onoq | ??? |
640 | Songtsen Gampo | Unifies Tibet with Buddhism as the state religion | ??? |
645 | Jubi Qağan | Unifies Onoq | ??? |
646 | Pusa (菩萨) son of Tejian (特健) | Allies with Syr-Tardush to defeat Eastern Qaġanate | He is granted with a Chinese title of prefect creating a legal precedent for leadership. |
646 | Tumitu Ilteber(吐迷度) | assassinates Pusa, Defeats the Syr-Tardush, declares a state at Otuken | First Uyghur state; this becomes the precedent for all later claims for the right to rule. Moreover, he is a Chinese vassal paying a tax of furs. |
648 | Tang Taizong | Replaces all vassal Tokharian kings with Chinese officials under the governor-general in Kaochang the Tarim Basin is now the western protectorate | Chinese now directly rule the Tarim city-states. |
648 | Tumitu Ilteber | assassinated by nephew Wuhe, who is in turn assassinated by Chinese spies | Wuhe is a Gokturk sympathizer and therefore an enemy of Chinese interests. |
648 | Pojuan Ilteber (婆闰) | Installed as new Khan; he becomes a loyal vassal of China | Uyghurs now carry Chinese Titles and work as Mercenaries in the ‘Pacifed West’. |
650 | ??? | China captures Kashgar and Khotan | ??? |
650 | Tang Taizong | dies, his son Kaozong creates a scandal by marrying Taizong's former concubine Zhou Wu-Mei | By custom Wu-Mei should have retired to a convent after her husband's death. This unusual marriage indicates she had an extramarital affair with Kaozong prior to Taizong's death |
651 | Holu Khan | Unifies the Onoq and threatens China | ??? |
651 | Pojuan Ilteber | Defeats Korean rebellion | The Uyghurs view the Chinese as both allies and kingmakers |
651 | ??? | Arabs advance to Herat | ??? |
652 | ??? | Arabs sack Balkh then return to Khorosan | ??? |
657 | Pojuan Khan | Leads Uyğur army and defeats Holu in the name of Tang Empire | Onoq power is broken, the Uyghurs ally with China to defeat the last remnants of their ancestral enemy the Turks Chu valley |
657 | Pojuan Khan | killed at the battle of Goguryeo (高句丽) | Chinese break off dipolmatic ties with Uyghur. |
659 | Kaozong | Creates 10 tribal states in Onoq territory each governed by a vassal khan | The far-western region of the Turks is now subdued by China |
659 | Xuanzong | China annexes Suyab and Tashkent this marks the maximum extent of Chinese power | ??? |
660 | Gaozong | Suffers stroke and delegates power to his wife Wu Zetian | ??? |
661 | ??? | Onoq and Tibet drive Tang out of Tarim | ??? |
660 | Tiele | Revolt against China. | Tribute has been not been paid. |
661 | Pilatu | Succeeds her brother as Ilteber | ??? |
621 | Wu Zetian | Suppresses revolt at Khangai | ??? |
663 | Pilatu | Uyghur power declines | ??? |
663 | ??? | Arabs invade Bactria | ??? |
663 | ??? | Tibet takes Vakhan and Gilit and Kashgar | ??? |
665 | ??? | Onoq enter revolt | ??? |
670 | ??? | Tibet seizes four garrisons The Chinese army retreats to Turpan | The Chinese divert their trade route north from Turpan to Beshbaliq, Suyab and Tashkent |
679 | ??? | Tibet controls four garrisons | ??? |
680 | Kutlug | declares Orkhon Khanate | end of Tang Imperial control of Mongolian Steppe |
681 | Pro-china Tiele | Escape to Liangzhou | have lost qut and must flee steppe |
682 | Kutlug | Reunites the 16 tribes | Rise of Turk power |
682 | Tuchiachi | Is defeated by Kutluk; the Uyghurs move to the Selenga valley | The Uyghur lose sovereignty but not autonomy |
683 | Wu Zeitan | Takes dragon throne | This is a coup d'état |
688 | Kutlug | Defeats Uyğurs | ??? |
690 | Wu Zeitan | Seizes absolute power by appealing to Buddhist millennialism | How? And why? |
691 | Kutlug | Defeats Toquz-Oghuz | ??? |
692 | Wu Zeitan | Recovers Karashahr and Kucha | ??? |
692 | Kapğan | succeeds his brother as the new Qağan | Traditional succession from older to younger brother |
692 | ??? | Tang Imperial army retakes the four garrisons | ??? |
693 | Kapğan | Defeats Tang Imperial army | ??? |
694 | Wu Zeitan | Recovers Khotan and Kashgar | ??? |
698 | Kapğan | Defeats Türğish at the battle of Bolchu near Lake Urungu | This rendered the Western Steppe region vassal to the Orkhon Khanate |
700 | Bilgä shad | Attacks Tangut kingdom | ??? |
701 | Tonyukuk-Ayguchy | Captures Sogdiana | This was a vassal of the Onoq to achieve total victory over his enemies |
702 | Kapğan | Attacks Xia kingdom | ??? |
703 | ??? | Turko-Tibetan alliance is formed but fails to defeat Tang army | ??? |
703 | ??? | Onoq retake Suyab | ??? |
705 | Wu Zetian | Abdicates to Zhongzong | ??? |
705 | ??? | Tibetan-Gandharan alliance is formed and drives the Arabs from Bactria | ??? |
705 | Qutayba | Appointed govoner of Khorosan | ??? |
706 | Qutayba | Captures Bukhara | ??? |
707 | Bukharan leader | Asks Khapgan for military support against the Arabs | ??? |
708 | Xuanzong | Offers reward to three vassal tribes for the head of Kapğan | ??? |
710 | Zhongzong | Poisoned by his wife Empress Wei who was having an affair with Wu Sansi | ??? |
710 | Xuanzong | Takes power with his aunt Princess Taiping (daughter of Empress Wu) | ??? |
710 | Krygyz tribes | Revolt and are defeated | ??? |
710 | Qutayba | Places Tugshada on the throne of Bukhara and Ghurek on the throne of Samarkand | ??? |
711 | Turgish Khan | Revolt begins | ??? |
711 | Qarluk | Revolt and are defeated in 714 | ??? |
712 | Xuanzong | Begins reign kills Princess Taiping | ??? |
712 | Qutayba | Invades Bactria | ??? |
712 | Samarkand leader | Asks Khapgan for military support against the Arabs | ??? |
712 | ??? | Turks control Sogd | ??? |
712 | King of Fargana | Flees to Kucha under Chinese protection | ??? |
714 | Izgil tribe | Revolt and are defeated in 715 | ??? |
715 | Toquz-Oguz tribe | Revolt and are defeated in 716 (this revolt includes the Uyghur tribe) | ??? |
715 | Qutayba | Assassinated by his troops in the Fargana valley | Because he wished to continue the campaign against the orders of the Caliph |
715 | King of Faragana | Returns as a Chinese vassal | ??? |
715 | King of Faragana | Returns as a Chinese vassal | ??? |
716 | Bayirqu tribe | Revolt and are defeated, but a rouge warrior ambushes Kapğan and kills him and sends his head to Changan with envoy Ho Lingchüan July 22 Tola river | ??? |
716 | Uyğur tribe | Revolt with Qarluk and toquz-oguz | Although defeated they become autonomus vassals in Selenga valley |
716 | Bilgä | Kills Inel and all Kapğan’s family and all his officials | Inel is not fit to rule, also by Turk law the throne should pass to Bilgä |
718 | Bilgä | Restores peace and ends all revolts | ??? |
720 | Xuanzong | Tries to attack Bilgä in coordination with Basmyl and Khitans and fails thus he accepts the terms of Bilgä’s peace | ??? |
721 | Xuanzong | China controls: Suyab, Kucha, Kashgar, Tashkent, and Fargana | ??? |
721 | Xuanzong | Arabo-Turgish-Tibetan alliance defeats Chinese army the Arabs take Faragana and the Turgish take Suyab | ??? |
721 | ??? | Tashkent becomes independent | ??? |
721 | ??? | Sogdo-Turgish alliance attacks Arabs | ??? |
725 | Tonyukuk | dies | ??? |
727 | Bilgä | Refuses an Anti-Tang alliance with the Tibetans | ??? |
728 | ??? | Sogdo-Turgish alliance liberates Sogd | ??? |
729 | ??? | Arabs control Bactria and Samarkand | Turgish control Sogd Fargana and Suyab
China control North tarim Tibet control South Tarim |
731 | Köl Tegin | dies | ??? |
734 | Bilgä | Poisoned by Buyruk Chor as part of a Chinese conspiracy | ??? |
736 | ??? | Sino-Arabian alliance is formed and defeats the Turgish at Suyab | China annexes Suyab
Arabs occupy Sogd |
739 | ??? | Tibet allies with Gandhara | China annexes Suyab
Arabs occupy Sogd |
739 | Ghurek | Reign ends | ??? |
742 | Xuanzong | Begins affair with Yang Gueifei, and leaves power in the hands of An Rokhan | ??? |
744 | Ozmish Khan | Killed by Uyghur, Basmyl, Qarluk rebellion | ??? |
745 | ??? | Qarluk and Uyghur overthrow Basmyl Khan | ??? |
745 | ??? | Uyghur defeat Qarluk and declare a new Khanate at Otuken; the Qarluk move to far-west region | ??? |
745 | Abu Muslim | Begins a Jihad in Sogd | ??? |
747 | Bayan Chor | Begins reign | ??? |
748 | ??? | Abbasid Caliphate begins | ??? |
750 | Chabish of Tashkent & Ilkhshid of Fargana | Begin a dispute, the Ilkhshid a Chinese ally and the Chabish a Turkish ally send for help | ??? |
750 | General Kao Hsienchih | Sacks Tashkent after it surrenders takes the Chabish and the Khan to be executed in Changan | ??? |
750 | Son of Chabish | Petitions governor Ziyad ibn Salih in Samarkand for revenge | ??? |
751 | Abu Muslim | Sends army at the request of Governor Salih, they meet the Kao Hsienchih at Talas | ??? |
755 | Abu Muslim | Assassinated | ??? |
755 | An Rokhan | Rebels against Xuanzong | ??? |
755 | An Rokhan | Captures Changan | ??? |
756 | Xuanzong | Abdicates and Yang Guifei is killed | ??? |
759 | Bogu Khan | Begins reign | ??? |
763 | Bogu Khan | Ends An-Lushan rebellion | ??? |
[edit] References
- The Turks / editors, Hasan Celal Güzel, C. Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay. Other author Güzel, Hasan Celâl. Oğuz, Cem. Karatay, Osman, 1971- Ocak, Murat. Imprint Ankara : Yeni Türkiye, 2002. ISBN 9756782552 (set)
Wikipedia article: Tiele