Unification of Saudi Arabia

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present saudi state (Saudi Arabia)

Date	1902 – 1925
Location	Arabian Peninsula
Result	End of the Rashidi State and Kingdom of Hejaz End of Ottoman appearance in the Arabian Peninsula Establishment of the present Saudi Arabia.

Belligerents

Rashidi State and Ottoman Allied

Kingdom of Hejaz

Sultanate of Nejd and Allied Arab clans

Commanders

Abdulaziz bin Mutib

King Hussien

King Ali bin Hussien

King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud

Strength

unknown

Casualties and losses

unknown

Unknown

Unification of Saudi Arabia

Riyadh – Dilam - Bekeriyah - Shinanah - Rawdat Muhanna – Tarafiyah – Kanzaan – Hajla – Hurmula – Taif – Mecca – Medina – Jeddah

After the fall of the previous First Saudi State and the Second Saudi State, The Third Saudi state was founded by the late King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud. In 1902 Ibn Saud captured Riyadh, the Al-Saud dynasty's ancestral capital, from the rival Al-Rashid clan. Continuing his conquests, Abdul Aziz subdued Al-Hasa, the rest of Nejd, and the Hejaz between 1913 and 1926.

1 Background
- 1.1 Fall of Riyadh and Exile of the Al Saud
2 Recapture of Riyadh
3 Conquest of Nejd
- 3.1 War with Ha'il over Al-Qassim
4 The Ikhwan Movement
5 Al-Hasa and Qatif
- 5.1 Treaty of Darin
6 Rebellions
7 Annexation of Ha'il and Jabal Shammar
- 7.1 Uqayr Protocols
8 Annexation of Asir
9 Conquest of Hejaz
- 9.1 Treaty of Jeddah
10 The Ikhwan Rebellion
11 Declaration of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
12 Border War with Yemen

[edit] Background

Following Diriyah agreement between Muhammed bin Abdulwahhab and Muhammad ibn Saud, Al Saud clan found the First Saudi State, A state that defend the Islam strictly, which later defined as Wahhabism. The First Saudi State has conquered most of the Arabian Peninsula, And was involved in war with the Ottoman Empire. However, The Saudis was successfully captured Mecca in 1802, which was the honor part of the Ottomans in the Arabian peninsula.

This was a massive blow to the prestige of the Ottoman Empire, which had exercised sovereignty over the holy city since 1517, and the lethargic Ottomans were finally moved to action. The task of destroying the Saudis was given by the Ottomans to their powerful viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha. Muhammad Ali sent his troops to the Hejaz by sea and recaptured it. His son, Ibrahim Pasha, then led Ottoman forces into the heart of Nejd, capturing town after town, and allowing his troops to pillage recalcitrant villages mercilessly in events that are remembered in Nejd to this day. Finally, Ibrahim reached the Saudi capital at Diriyah and placed it under siege for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. Ibrahim then shipped off many members of the clans of Al Saud and Ibn Abdulwahhab to Egypt and the Ottoman capital, Istanbul, and ordered the systematic destruction of Diriyah, whose ruins have remained virtually untouched ever since. The last Saudi Imam, Abdullah bin Saud was later executed in the Ottoman capital. The Al-Saud clan lived on to found the Second Saudi State that lasted until 1891.

[edit] Fall of Riyadh and Exile of the Al Saud

The Second Saudi State refers to the period in the 19th century when the rule of the House of Saud was restored to central and eastern Arabia after having previously been brought down by an Ottoman invasion in 1818. Compared to the First Saudi State, the second Saudi period was marked by less territorial expansion and less religious zeal. Turki ibn Abdallah's reconquest of Riyadh from Ottoman forces in 1824 is generally regarded as the beginning of the Second Saudi State, while the end was marked by the Battle of Mulayda in 1891, between the last Saudi imam, Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal ibn Turki, and the Al Rashid dynasty in the northern town of Ha'il. The Rashidis conquered Riyadh and forced Al Saud clan to leave the land to the exile in Kuwait.

See also: First Saudi State and Second Saudi State

[edit] Recapture of Riyadh

Main article: Battle of Riyadh (1902)

Following the end of the Second Saudi State, Al Saud clan forced to move to Kuwait after the fall of Riyadh to Al-Rashid family. Ibn Saud, In late 1901 asked for supplies and men from Kuwaiti Amer, Planning to regain his home town. The Kuwaiti prince, who has also involved in several wars with Rashidis, accepted Ibn Saud request, giving him horses and arms.

In January 1902, Ibn Saud and his men reached Riyadh and made plans to cupture Al Masmak Castle. To kill Ibn Ajlan, Cheif of Riyadh, and conquer the castle, Is the only way to cupture the whole city by 68 men only. The castle was successfully cuptured and Ibn Ajlan was killed according to the plan and the city was cuptured within the night.