Ukrainian Latin alphabet
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A Latin alphabet for the Ukrainian language has been proposed or imposed several times in history, but has never challenged the conventional Cyrillic Ukrainian alphabet. The Ukrainian literary language has been written with the Cyrillic alphabet, in a tradition going back to the eighth-century introduction of Christianity and the Old Church Slavonic language to Kievan Rus’. Proposals for Latinization, if not imposed for outright political reasons, have always been politically charged, and have never been generally accepted. Although some proposals to create an official Latin alphabet for Ukrainian language have been expressed lately by national intelligentsia. Technically, most have resembled the linguistically related Polish and Czech alphabets.
While superficially similar to a Latin alphabet, transliteration of Ukrainian from Cyrillic into the Latin alphabet (or romanization) is usually not intended for native speakers, and may be designed for certain academic requirements or technical constraints. See romanization of Ukrainian.
In Ukrainian: Ukrayins’ka Latynka or Latynytsia (Українська Латинка, Латиниця). Polish-influenced Latynka was known as Abecadło (Абецадло).
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[edit] History
Ukrainian was occasionally written in the Latin alphabet as far back as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in publications using the Polish and Czech alphabets. In the nineteenth century, there were attempts to introduce the Latin alphabet into Ukrainian writing, by Josyp Lozynskyj, a Ukrainian scholar and priest from Ľviv (Josyp Łozynski Ivanovyč, Ruskoje wesile, 1834), Tomasz Padura, and other Polish-Ukrainian romantic poets.
The use of the Latin alphabet for Ukrainian was promoted by authorities in Galicia under the Austrian Habsburg Empire. Franc Miklošič developed a Latin alphabet for Ukrainian in 1852, based on the Polish and Czech alphabets (adopting Czech č, š, ž, dž, ď, ť, Polish ś, ź, ć, ń,, and ľ following the same pattern). This initiative was taken into interest by Czech politician Josef Jireček, who managed to gain support for the project in the Imperial Ministry of Interior. As part of a Polonization campaign in Galicia during the period of neo-absolutist rule after 1849, Viceroy Agenor Gołuchowski attempted to impose this Latin alphabet on Ukrainian publications in 1859. This started a fierce publicly-debated "War of the Alphabets", and in the end the Latin alphabet was rejected. Ukrainian books continued to be published in Cyrillic, while the Latin alphabet was used in special editions "for those who read Polish only" in Galicia, Podlachia, and the Kholm region.
A Latin alphabet for Ukrainian publications was also imposed in Romanian Bessarabia, Bukovina and Dobrudja. It was also used by immigrants from these regions in the United States.
In Ukraine under the Russian Empire, Mykhaylo Drahomanov promoted a purely phonemic Cyrillic alphabet (the Drahomanivka) including the Latin letter j in 1876, replacing the digraphs я, є, ю, ї with ја, је, ју, јі. The Ems Ukaz banning Ukrainian-language publication doomed this reform to obscurity.
In Soviet Ukraine, during the 1927 orthographical conference in Kharkiv, linguists M. Johansen, B. Tkačenko, and M. Nakonečnyj proposed the application of the more "international" Latin alphabet to Ukrainian, but the idea was opposed by Soviet government representatives. Later, Vasyl Simovych was a proponent of the Latin alphabet.
[edit] Łatynka
Some letters borrowed from Polish and Czech were used in the Ukrainian Łatynka as stated above, which also has a close resemblance to the Belarusian Łacinka. Although never broadly accepted, it was used mostly by Ukrainians living in territories near Poland. The orthography was explained in Łatynycia, a western Ukrainian publication of the 1900s.
| Aa | Bb | Cc | Ćć | Czcz | Dd | Ďď | Ee | Ff | Gg |
| Аа | Бб | Цц | Цьць | Чч | Дд | Дьдь | Ее | Фф | Ґґ |
| Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Łł | Mm | Nn | Ńń | Oo |
| Гг | Іі | Йй | Кк | Льль | Лл | Мм | Нн | Ньнь | Оо |
| Pp | Rr | Ŕŕ | Ss | Śś | Szsz | Tt | Ťť | Uu | Ww |
| Пп | Рр | Рьрь | Сс | Сьсь | Шш | Тт | Тьть | Уу | Вв |
| Yy | Zz | Źź | Žž | ||||||
| Ии | Зз | Зьзь | Жж |
Digraphs
- я, є, ю, ї = ja, je, ju, ji
- x = ch, as used in Polish
[edit] Sample text
The Introduction of Josyp Łozynśkyj's Ruskoje Wesile ('Ruthenian Wedding', 1834):
- Perédmowa
- W tym opysi skazuju, jaksia wesile po sełach mežy prostym ruskim ludom widprawlaje. Ne mohu jednako utrymowaty, jakoby toj sposób wesile widprawlaty wsiude newidminnibyłzacho wanym; bo hdenekodyj szczoś dodajut, hdeindeszczoś wypuskajut, a znowu hdeinde szczos widminiajut. Syła w mojej syli było, starał-jemsia w rozmaitych misciach obradki i pisny ruskoho wesila póznaty i pérekonał-jemsia že prynajmni szczo do hołownych obradkiw i pisnéj wsiude tymže samym sposobom wesilesia widprawlaje. I toj sposób opysałjem w nynisjszуj knyžoczci dodajuczy jednako hdenekodyj i miscowyi widminy. Moim najperszym i najbohatszym a nawet’ i nihdy newyczerpanym źridłom, z kotorohom tyi widomosty czerpał, było dopytowanie po sełach tych ludej, kotryi czasto na wesilach bywały i wesilnyi ur’ady pistowały. Nykotorych obradkiw był jem sam okozritelnym świdkom.
[edit] References
- Chornovol, Ihor (2001), "Latynka v ukrayins’komu pravopysi: retrospektyva i perspektyva" (The Latin alphabet in Ukrainian orthography: retrospective and perspective), in Ji, no 23. (in Ukrainian, PDF)
- Simovyč, V., & J.B. Rudnyckyj ([1963] 1982). "The History of Ukrainian Orthography", in Volodymyr Kubijovyč, ed.: Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia, Vol. 1. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pages 517–18. ISBN 0-8020-3105-6.
Contemporary literature concerning the Alphabet Wars:
- Ivan Franko (1836). Przemyśl.
- Ivan Franko. Азбучна війна в Галичині 1859 - 'The Alphabet War in Galicia 1859'.
- J. Łewićki (1834). Review of the Introduction of the Polish Alphabet to Ruthenian Writing.
- Josyp Lozynskyj (1834). "On the Introduction of the Polish Alphabet to Ruthenian (Ukrainian) Writing", «О wprowadzeniu abecadła polskiego do pismiennictwa ruskiego».
- M. Šaškevyč. Азбука і abecadło.
[edit] See also
- Romanization of Ukrainian
- Euro-Ukrainian alphabet Latin script for Ukrainian Language
- Łacinka alphabet, the pre-Soviet Belarusian Latin alphabet
[edit] External links
- Orthography, Alphabet War in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
