Symphony of Psalms
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The Symphony of Psalms by Igor Stravinsky was written in 1930 and was commissioned by Serge Koussevitzky to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. This piece is a three-movement choral symphony and was composed during Stravinsky's neoclassical period. The symphony derives its name from the use of Psalm texts in the choral parts, which Stravinsky was inspired to include because he had recently rejoined the Russian Orthodox Church following a sixteen year hiatus. The entire piece is through played and the chorus is to sing the texts in Latin, so as to most closely resemble the Vulgate. Unlike many pieces composed for chorus and orchestra, Stravinsky said that “it is not a symphony in which I have included Psalms to be sung. On the contrary, it is the singing of the Psalms that I am symphonizing.”
Although the piece was written for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the world premiere was actually given in Brussels by the Societe Philharmonique de Bruxelles on December 13, 1930, under the direction of Ernest Ansermet. The American premiere of the piece was given soon afterwards by Koussevitzky with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Harvard Glee Club, and the Radcliffe Choral Society on December 19, 1930.[1] The first recording was made by Stravinsky himself with the Orchestre des Concerts Straram and the Alexis Vlassay Choir at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris on February 17 and 18, 1931. "The choir, throaty, full-blooded, darkly, inwardly passionate, sing with liturgical conviction and intensity in a memorable performance."[2]
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[edit] Orchestration
The work is scored for 5 flutes (5th doubling Piccolo), 4 oboes, English horn, 3 bassoons, contrabassoon, 4 horns in F, piccolo trumpet, 4 trumpets in C, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, bass drum, 2 pianos, harp, cellos, contrabasses, and a four-part chorus (soprano, alto, tenor, bass). For the upper two choral parts the composer specified children's voices if possible.
Notable missing instruments include: clarinet, violins, and violas.
[edit] General analysis
Like many of Stravinsky's other works, including Petrushka and Rite of Spring, the Symphony of Psalms is based on the octatonic scale, which alternates whole steps and half steps. Stravinsky also claimed that the root of the entire symphony is "the sequences of two minor thirds joined by a major third" (Stravinsky and Craft, 1968). Because of the religious nature of this work, each movement is devoted to one of the hortatory virtues. The first movement represents love, the second movement represents hope, and the third movement represents faith. Interestingly, this reverses St. Paul's hortatory virtues, which were in the order: faith, hope, love. [The hortatory virtues referred to here do not appear in Symphony of Psalms, but in his Canticum Sacrum.] This is thought to be because of the strong emphasis Stravinsky wanted to put on faith, since he had recently rejoined the Russian Orthodox Church.
Stravinsky portrays the religious nature of the text through his compositional techniques. He wrote substantial portions of the piece in fugal counterpoint, which was used widely in the church in the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Stravinsky's chorus comprises men and children, which was the status quo for all church choirs throughout the Baroque period, since women weren't allowed to sing in church. He also uses the large chorus to create a ritual atmosphere like that of the Church. The most subtle of the techniques Stravinsky uses to portray the Church is the use of the church modes.
[edit] First movement
The first movement of the Symphony of Psalms is entitled “Prelude” and uses the text from Psalm 39, verses 13 and 14 (King James). This movement was finished on August 15, 1930, which is Assumption Day in the Roman Church and is written as a prelude to the second movement, a double fugue. The movement is basically composed with flowing ostinato sections punctuated with e-minor block chords, which stop the constant motion. The first ostinato section in measure 2, which is played in the oboe and bassoon, immediately indicates the octatonic scale starting C#-D-D#, etc.
To emphasize the church-like quality of the piece even before the chorus's entrance, Stravinsky uses church modes. In measures 12-13, the piano plays an F-dorian scale and in measures 15-16, the piano plays in the E-phrygian mode. The presence of the chorus is used to create a church-like atmosphere in this piece as well as to appropriately set the Psalm. It enters with a minor 2nd motif, which is used both to emphasize the C#/D octatonic scale and set the pleading text. The minor second motif in the chorus is continued throughout the movement. The use of the octatonic scale and the church modes pervade the sound of the movement, contributing to both the ritual feel of the piece and the plaintive setting of the text.
One of the most surprising aspects of the movement is the G-major chord at the very end. This chord acts as a dominant to c-minor, which is the starting key of the 2nd movement. This chord also evokes the feeling of the Picardy third, which was used extensively in the Baroque period.
[edit] Text (Psalm 39, verses 13 and 14)
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[edit] Second movement
The second movement of the Symphony of Psalms is a Double Fugue and uses the text from Psalm 40, verses 2, 3, and 4 (King James). The first fugue theme begins in the oboe in measure one. The next entrance of the theme is in measure 6 in the flute, a fifth up. The third and fourth entrances of this fugue are in the 3rd flute in measure 13 and 2nd oboe in measure 18.
The first entrance of the second theme starts in measure 29 in the soprano, followed by an entrance in the alto in measure 33 a fourth down, which is harmonically equivalent to an entrance a fifth up. The third and fourth entrances are in the tenor in measure 39 and bass in measure 43.
This movement was finished on July 17, 1930, and Stravinsky pasted a drawing of the Crucifix in his sketchbook and wrote "Adveniat regnum tuum" (Thy kingdom come) on it.
[edit] Text (Psalm 40, verses 2, 3 and 4)
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[edit] Third movement
The third movement of the Symphony of Psalms is “Allegro symphonique” and uses the text from Psalm 150 (King James). The text of this movement is joyous and would have most likely been set in major to a fairly fast tempo in the Baroque and Classical periods, so as to be as uplifting as possible. However, Stravinsky sets the text to a slow tempo interspersed with faster loud and forceful sections. This is most likely because Stravinsky is focusing on the struggle that is present throughout most of the Old Testament.[citation needed] This movement was written first of the three movements and was finished on April 27, 1930. Stravinsky inscribed this movement "a week after Ascension."
[edit] Text (Psalm 150)
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[edit] Notes
- ^ Hill, Peter; Nigel Simeone (2005). Messiaen. Yale University Press, 30. ISBN 0300109075.
- ^ Composers in Person: Stravinsky, EMI Classics D 202405, 1993.
[edit] References
- Gielen, Michael. Stravinsky: Symphony in 3 Movements, Symphony in C, and Symphony of Psalms. South West German Radio Symphony Orchestra and West German Radio Chorus, Hanssler.
- Symphony of Psalms. Victor Huang. Retrieved on September 26, 2006.
- Holloway, Robin. Stravinsky's Self-Concealment. Tempo, New Ser., 108, 1974, pp. 2-10.
- Symphony of Psalms. Andrew Kuster. Retrieved on September 26, 2006.
- Stravinsky, Igor and Craft, Robert, Dialogues and a Diary, Doubleday, New York, 1963; Faber, London, 1968; reissued by Faber in 1982 without the Diary section, as Dialogues.
- Walsh, Steven. Stravinsky's Choral Music. Tempo, New Ser., 81, Stravinsky's 85th Birthday, 1967, pp. 41-51.
[edit] External links
- Symphony of Psalms Pronunciation Guide Guide to proper pronunciation of the Latin text for singers.
- Symphony of Psalms by Victor Huang - Analysis, background, texts.
