Stansfield Turner
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| Stansfield M. Turner | |
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| In office March 9, 1977 – January 20, 1981 |
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| President | Jimmy Carter |
| Preceded by | George H. W. Bush |
| Succeeded by | William J. Casey |
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| Born | December 1, 1923 Highland Park, Illinois |
| Religion | Christian Scientists[1] |
Stansfield M. Turner (born December 1, 1923 in Highland Park, Illinois, USA) was an Admiral and Director of Central Intelligence. He is currently a senior research scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park School of Public Policy .
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[edit] Military career
Following graduation from Highland Park High School, Turner attended Amherst College, entering it in 1941, and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy with the Class of 1947 and attained a commission in the United States Navy in June, 1946 (during WWII classes were graduated in three years). He was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford while serving in the navy, earning a Master's Degree in philosophy, politics, and economics in 1950. During his naval career he served as commanding officer of the Guided Missile Cruiser USS Horne (DLG-30) [1]and later commander of U.S forces in Japan and Korea, as well as commander in chief Allied Forces Southern Europe within the NATO.
He served as president of Naval War College from 1972 to 1974, where he successfully introduced a radical improvement of that College's curriculum, introducing educational approaches based on his experience as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University. Principle among his innovations at the Naval War College was the introduction of Thucydides' Peloponnesian War as a major book of study, a reading that remains central to the Strategy and Policy curriculum today. After serving as Commander, United States Second Fleet, he commanded the Southern region of NATO and was subsequently Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) from 1977 to 1981 in the administration of his Naval Academy classmate, President Jimmy Carter. He was a member of the Monsanto board of directors. He is now a senior research scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park's School of Public Policy.
[edit] Central Intelligence Agency
Under Turner's direction, the CIA emphasized TECHINT and SIGINT more than HUMINT. Turner eliminated over 800 operational positions in what was called the Halloween Massacre. This organizational direction is notable because William Casey was seen to have a completely opposite approach, focusing much of his attention on HUMINT. Turner gave notable testimony to Congress revealing much of the extent of the MKULTRA program, which the CIA ran from the early 1950s to late 1960s. Reform and simplification of the intelligence community's multilayered secrecy system was one of Turner's significant initiatives, but produced no results by the time he left office.
One exception to Turner's preference for non-human intelligence gathering involved the use of a psychic. In the January 2006 issue of GQ magazine, former President Jimmy Carter reportedthat Turner hired a psychic to help locate a US plane that had been lost in Central Africa. When Turner's preferred TECHINT and SIGINT approaches both failed to find the missing plane, Turner reported to the president that the agency hired a psychic to help find the plane.
During Turner's term as head of the CIA, he became outraged when former agent Frank Snepp published a book called Decent Interval which exposed incompetence among senior American government personnel during the fall of Saigon. Turner accused Snepp of breaking the secrecy agreement required of all CIA agents, and then later was forced to admit under cross-examination that he had never read the agreement signed by Snepp.[2] Regardless, the CIA ultimately won its case against Snepp at the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court forced Snepp to turn over all his profits from Decent Interval and to seek preclearance of any future writings about intelligence work for the rest of his life. The ultimate irony was that the CIA would later rely on the Snepp legal precedent in forcing Turner to seek preclearance of his own memoirs, which were highly critical of President Ronald Reagan's policies.[3] Turner, who was not a lawyer, did not understand the concept of precedent, and did not grasp the broader implications of pushing the U.S. Department of Justice to take an aggressive stance against Snepp.[citation needed]
During his tenure as Director of Central Intelligence in the early 1980s when asked on an NPR interview program about 'domestic spying', he said, "Americans are not a source of much intelligence."
[edit] Post-CIA activities
Upon leaving the agency, Turner became a lecturer, writer, and TV commentator, and served on the Board of Directors of several American corporations. Turner has written several books, including Secrecy and Democracy - The CIA in Transition in 1985, and 2005's Burn Before Reading: Presidents, CIA Directors, and Secret Intelligence, in which he advocates disbanding the CIA.
Turner has been sharply critical of the Bush administration handling of the Iraq invasion. In September 2003 he wrote that "most of the assumptions behind our invasion have been proven wrong: The intelligence did not support the imminence of a threat, the Iraqis have not broadly welcomed us as liberators, the idea that we could manage this action almost unilaterally is giving way to pleas for troops and money from other nations, the aversion to giving the UN a meaningful role is eroding daily, and the reluctance to get involved in nation building is being supplanted by just that." [2]
In November 2005, after Vice President Dick Cheney had lobbied against a provision to a defence Bill that Republican Senator John McCain had passed in the senate banning "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment" of all US detainees, Turner was quoted as saying "I am embarrassed that the USA has a vice president for torture. I think it is just reprehensible. He (Mr Cheney) advocates torture, what else is it? I just don't understand how a man in that position can take such a stance." Cheney countered the bill went well beyond banning torture and could be interpreted by courts to ban most forms of interrogation.
Turner also serves on the Military Advisors Committee for the Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities, whose mission is to reduce the amount of the discretionary budget going to the military by 15% and reallocate that money to education, healthcare, renewable energies, job training, and humanitarian aid programs.
He resides in Great Falls, Virginia.
[edit] Awards and Honors
(Incomplete List)
Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit with two Gold Stars
Bronze Star Medal with V Device
Joint Meritorious Unit Commendation
Navy Commendation Medal with V Device
Navy Meritorious Unit Award
American Campaign Medal
World War Two Victory Medal
National Defense Service Medal with one Bronze Service Star
Korean Service Medal
United Nations Service Medal
[edit] In Popular Culture
He is mentioned in the film Charlie Wilson's War by the character Gust Avrakotos as played by Philip Seymour Hoffman who received an Oscar nomination for the role. Avrakotos makes reference to the firing of 3,000 agents (Halloween Day Massacre) and how it harmed the CIA.
[edit] References
- ^ Margolick, David (August 6, 1990), “In Child Deaths, a Test for Christian Science; Faith vs. the Law; A special report.”, The New York Times: A2, ISSN 1649296, <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D61030F935A3575BC0A966958260>
- ^ Frank Snepp, Irreparable Harm: A Firsthand Account of How One Agent Took On the CIA in an Epic Battle Over Secrecy and Free Speech (New York: Random House, 1999), 242.
- ^ Snepp, 359-360.
- Turner, Stansfield, Secrecy and Democracy - The CIA in Transition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1985, ISBN 0-395-35573-7.
[edit] External links
- Prepared Statement before Congress on MKULTRA
- Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 1
- Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 2
- Turner Bio
| Preceded by George H. W. Bush |
Director of Central Intelligence March 9, 1977-January 20, 1981 |
Succeeded by William J. Casey |
