Sirmium
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- Sirmium in Pannonia should not be confused with Sirmio on Lake Garda
Sirmium (today Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia), the glorious mother of cities (famously so-called by the ancient historian Ammianus Marcellinus), was an ancient city in Roman Pannonia. Sirmium originally was an Illyrian town conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC. It was a very important town in the later Roman Empire, being the economic capital of Roman Pannonia and one of the four capital cities of the Roman Empire. The present day region of Srem, Syrmia was named after this city.
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[edit] History
- For the post-Roman history of the town, see Sremska Mitrovica
Sirmium was one of the oldest cities in Europe.[citation needed] Archaeologists have found a trace of organized human life on the site of Sirmium dating from the 5000 BC. When the Romans conquered the city in the 1st century BC, Sirmium already was a settlement with a long tradition.
In the 1st century, Sirmium gained a status of a colony of the citizens of Rome, and became a very important military and strategic location in Pannonia province. The war expeditions of Roman emperors Traian, Marcus Aurelius, and Claudius II, were prepared in Sirmium.
In 103, Pannonia was split into two provinces: Upper Pannonia and Lower Pannonia, and Sirmium became the capital city of Lower Pannonia.
In 296, Diocletian operated a new territorial division of Pannonia. Instead of previous two provinces, there were four new provinces established in former territory of original Pannonia: Pannonia Prima, Pannonia Valeria, Pannonia Savia and Pannonia Secunda. Capital city of Pannonia Secunda was Sirmium.
In 293, with the establishment of tetrarchy, the Roman Empire was split into four parts; Sirmium emerged as one of the four capital cities of Roman Empire, the other three being Trier, Mediolanum, and Nicomedia. During the tetrarchy, Sirmium was the capital of emperor Galerius. With the establishment of praetorian prefectures in 318, the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium. Sirmium was capital of this prefecture until 379, when the western part of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum (including Sirmium) was attached to the Praetorian prefecture of Italia. The eastern part of Illyricum remained a separate prefecture with the capital in Thessalonica under the East Roman Empire.
Since the 4th century, the city was an important Christian centre, and was a seat of the Episcopate of Sirmium. Five Christian councils were held in Sirmium. The city also had an emperor's palace, horse racing arena, mint, arena theatre, theatre, as well as many workshops, public baths, temples, public palaces and luxury villas.
At the end of the 4th century, Sirmium was brought under the sway of the Goths, and later, was again annexed to the Eastern Roman Empire. In 441, Sirmium was conquered by the Huns, and after this conquest, it remained for more than a century in the hands of various Barbarian tribes, such were Eastern Goths and Gepids. For a short time, Sirmium was the center of the Gepide State and the king Cunimund minted golden coins in it. After 567, Sirmium was again included into Eastern Roman Empire. The city was finally conquered and destroyed by Avars in 582. This event marked the end of the period of late Antiquity in the history of Sirmium.
[edit] Roman emperors
Ten Roman emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings:
- Herennius Etruscus (227-251)
- Hostilian (230?-251)
- Decius Traian (249–51)
- Claudius II (268-270)
- Quintillus (270)
- Aurelian (270–75)
- Probus (276–82)
- Maximianus Herculius (285–310)
- Constantius II (337–61)
- Gratian (367–83)
The last emperor of the united Roman Empire, Theodosius I (378–95), became emperor in Sirmium. The usurpers Ingenuus and Regalianus also declared themselves emperors in this city (in 260) and many other Roman emperors spent some time in Sirmium including Marcus Aurelius who might have written parts of his famous work Meditations in the city.
[edit] Archeological trivia
- In early 1970s American archeologists sponsored by the US Government made an offer to the citizens of Sremska Mitrovica to completely rebuild the town on another location so that the town could be excavated. The town government refused the request immediately, under pressure from the then hard-socialist Yugoslav government.
- During work on the new Sremska Mitrovica trade center in 1972, a worker accidentally broke into an old Roman pot, about 2m deep, over the site of an old Sirmium settlement. 33 gold Roman coins enclosed in a leather pouch were found inside a Roman house wall, probably the hidden savings of a wealthy Roman family stashed centuries ago. Of this extraordinary rare find of Sirmium minted coins were 4 Constantius II era coins, considered the most valuable examples from the late Roman empire of the fourth century AD. The young worker whose shovel brought this significant discovery to light was never rewarded. Ironically, the worker's name was Zlatenko (meaning Golden, or Golden Man in Serbian).
- The only known unexcavated Roman horse racing arena in the world is in Sirmium. A colossal building about 150m wide and 450m long lays directly under the Sremska Mitrovica town center and just beside the old Sirmium Emperor's Palace (one of just a few Sirmium publicly accessible archeological sights). The presence of the arena has clearly affected the layout of the present town (Sremska Mitrovica is today about 2–4m above ground line of former Sirmium settlement). Recently announced cultural and archeological projects for preserving and popularising Sirmium sights haven't included any activity dealing with the arena, probably due to the extent of the large arena — the entire present town center might have to be excavated.
[edit] Famous residents
- Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor (161-180), used Sirmium as a residence in between pannonian military campaigns 170-180
- Maximinus, Roman emperor (235-238), ruled from residence in Sirmium.
- Herennius Etruscus, Roman emperor (251), born in Sirmium.
- Hostilian, Roman emperor (251), born in Sirmium
- Decius Traian, Roman emperor (249-251), born in village Budalia near Sirmium.
- Ingenuus, Roman emperor (260), proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium.
- Regalianus, Roman emperor (260), proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium.
- Claudius II, Roman emperor (268-270), born in Sirmium and spent most of his life there.
- Quintillus, Roman emperor (270), born in Sirmium
- Aurelian, Roman emperor (270-275), born in Sirmium and also proclaimed emperor there.
- Probus, Roman emperor (276-282), born in Sirmium.
- Maximianus Herculius, Roman emperor (285-310), born near Sirmium.
- Galerius, Roman emperor (305-311), ruled as Caesar during the Tetrarchy from residence in Sirmium (293-296).
- Crispus, a Caesar of the Roman Empire. He was proclaimed Caesar in Sirmium in 317.
- Constantine II, a Caesar of the Roman Empire. He was proclaimed Caesar in Sirmium in 317.
- Vetranion, Roman emperor. Proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium (in 350).
- Constantius II, Roman emperor (337-361), born in Sirmium.
- Gratian, Roman emperor (367-383), born in Sirmium.
- Theodosius I the Great, Roman emperor (378-395). He became emperor in Sirmium.
- Valerius Licinius, prefect of the Diocese of Pannonia with residence in Sirmium (308-314).
- Apricanus, prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province with residence in Sirmium (355).
- Mesala, prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province (373).
- Petronius Prob, prefect in Sirmium (374).
- Aurelius Victor, prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province (369), and author of a History of Rome until the reign of Julian.
- Leontius, prefect in Sirmium (426).
[edit] References
[edit] Further reading
- Petar Milošević, Arheologija i istorija Sirmijuma, Novi Sad, 2001.
- Radomir Popović, Rano hrišćanstvo u Panoniji, Vojvođanski godišnjak, sveska I, Novi Sad, 1995.
[edit] See also
- Sremska Mitrovica
- Council of Sirmium
- Syrmia
- Tetrarchy
- Praetorian prefecture
- Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum
- Roman provinces
- Roman Empire
[edit] External links
- Sirmium
- Ancient Sirmium
- Fel Temps of Sirmium
- Southern Pannonia during the age of the Great Migrations
- Early Christianity in Pannonia
