Security Advisory Opinion

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Security Advisory Opinion (SAO) or Washington Special Clearance,^[1] commonly called security clearance, administrative clearance, or administrative processing,^[2] is a process the United States Department of State and the diplomatic missions of the United States use in deciding to grant or deny a United States visa to certain visa applicants. The process involves sending a request from the visa issuing post to the Department of State's headquarters in Washington, D.C., to investigate an individual's case for possible espionage, terrorism, and illegal export of technology out of the United States.^[3]

Apart from the Department of State, the process involves other agencies of the federal government of the United States, specially those under Department of Homeland Security. Some of the agencied involved are: FBI, CIA, Drug Enforcement Agency, Department of Commerce, Department of Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, Interpol, and the Department of State's Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation.^[4]

The process for issuing a United States visa, possibly including a Visas Mantis check

SAOs have been the source of long delays for determining if a non-US citizen should be issued a US visa or not. As a result, United States Government Accountability Office found in a report dated February 2004 that "students and scholars with science backgrounds might decide not to come to the United States, and technological advancements that serve U.S. and global interests could be jeopardized" as a result.^[5]

In mid-2003, SAOs were submitted for about 2% of the applicants.^[3] The Department of State processed 245,000 SAOs in FY 2006, and has processed over a million SAOs in the period from September 2001 to May 2007.^[6]

[edit] Types

There are various types of SAOs, usually named after various animals, with two named after legendary characters. As of August 2006, these included Visas Mantis (potential illegal transfer of sensitive or dual-use technology,^[7] introduced in 1998^[8]), Visas Bear (for foreign government officials, representatives to international organizations, and their families), Visas Donkey (name hits, certain nationalities), Visas Merlin (for refugees and asylees), Visas Eagle (certain nationals of Cuba, China, Iran, Russia, and Vietnam), Visas Condor (certain nationalities, introduced in January 2002^[9]), and Visas Hawk (for immigrant visas). There are also other types of SAOs used for notifying the Department of State about visa issuance and that the applicant will be traveling to the United States: Visas Horse (diplomatic visa holders of certain nationalities) and Visas Pegasus (officials of Commonwealth of Independent States).^[1]

[edit] Issuing time and validity period

The Department of State claims that 80% of SAOs are cleared within two weeks, but the general expected time for a clearance is unknown.^[10] While various diplomatics posts mention some average times (the website of the at United States embassy in Ankara, Turkey mentions up to six to eight weeks^[2]), this only reflects the recent experience of the post, and does not reflect actual statistics.^[10]

The Department of State's Foreign Affairs Manual (which is a reference for diplomatic posts), dated August 16, 2006, mentions:^[1]

According to a report by the United States Government Accountability Office, as of November 30, 2004, 87% of Visas Mantis cases (one of the various kinds of SAOs) has been cleared in 30 days or less, 5% were taking 31-60 days, 5% were taking 61-90 days, 1% were taking 91-120 days and the final 2% were taking more than 120 days.^[11] The average time was 15 days, which was significantly reduced, as the same report mentions that during October 2003, the average was 75 days.^[11] On February 11, 2005, the Department of State mentioned that it "has been able to decrease the average time to obtain Visas Mantis clearance to less than 14 days".^[8]

The validity of the clearance (which specifies a deadline for the time a visa could be issued) is based on its type, and ranges between three and 48 months.^[1] During the period of validity, posts can usually issue another visa for the applicant without requesting a new SAO if the applicant's circumstances haven't changed much.

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Washington Special Clearances (Security Advisory Opinions), 9 FAM Appendix G, 500 (PDF). U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 9 – Visas. United States Department of State (2006-08-16). Retrieved on 2007-11-05.
2. ^ ^{a b} Security Clearance Status for Non Immigrant Visa. Embassy of the United States in Ankara, Turkey (2007-11-02). Retrieved on 2007-11-09.
3. ^ ^{a b} Janice L. Jacobs (2003-07-10). Visa Processing Delays: Testimony before the House of Representatives Committee on Government Reform. United States Department of State. Retrieved on 2007-11-05.
4. ^ MIT International Scholars Office (June 2004). Visa Delays and Department of State Security Clearances. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved on 2007-11-05.
5. ^ Jess Ford; John Brummet (February 2004). Border Security: Improvement Needed to Reduce Time Taken to Adjudicate Visas for Science Students and Scholars (GAO-04-371) (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved on 2007-11-05.
6. ^ Andrew Simkin (2007-05-02). Testimony of Andrew Simkin Director, Office of Fraud Prevention Programs Bureau of Consular Affairs U.S. Department of State. United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Retrieved on 2008-01-02.
7. ^ Tien-Li Loke Walsh (June 2005). The Land of CLASS, TIPOFF, Mantis, Condors, and Donkeys: Demystifying Security Advisory Opinions, Biometrics, and Government Databases Involved in the Consular Processing Framework (PDF). Immigration and Nationality Law Handbook, 2005-06 Edition.
8. ^ ^{a b} Extension of Validity for Science Related Interagency Visa Clearances. United States Department of State, Office of the Spokesman (2005-02-11). Retrieved on 2007-11-05.
9. ^ Janice L. Jacobs (2003-03-26). Testimony on Foreign Students and Scholars: Foreign Students and Scholars in the Age of Terrorism. United States Department of State. Retrieved on 2007-11-05.
10. ^ ^{a b} Larry Bell. Information about Security Advisory Opinions (SAOs) (PDF). Rutgers University. Retrieved on 2007-11-05.
11. ^ ^{a b} Jess Ford; John Brummet (February 2005). Border Security: Streamlined Visas Mantis Program Has Lowered Burden on Foreign Science Students and Scholars, but Further Refinements Needed (GAO-05-198) (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. Retrieved on 2007-11-05.

[edit] External link for further reading

• Tien-Li Loke Walsh (June 2005). The Land of CLASS, TIPOFF, Mantis, Condors, and Donkeys: Demystifying Security Advisory Opinions, Biometrics, and Government Databases Involved in the Consular Processing Framework (PDF). Immigration and Nationality Law Handbook, 2005-06 Edition.