Psalm 137
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Psalm 137 (Greek numbering: Psalm 136) is one of the best known of the Biblical psalms. Its opening lines, "By the rivers of Babylon..." (Septuagint: "By the waters of Babylon...") have been set to music on several occasions.
The psalm is a hymn expressing the yearnings of the Jewish people in exile following the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem in 586 BC. The rivers of Babylon are the Euphrates river, its tributaries, and the Chebar river (possibly the river Habor, the Chaboras, or modern Khabour, which joins the Euphrates at Circesium).[1] In its whole form, the psalm reflects the yearning for Jerusalem as well as hatred for the Holy City's enemies with sometimes violent imagery. Rabbinical sources attributed the poem to the prophet Jeremiah,[2] and the Septuagint version of the psalm bears the superscription: "For David. By Jeremias, in the Captivity."[3]
The early lines of the poem are very well known, as they describe the sadness of the Israelites, asked to "sing the Lord's song in a foreign land". This they refuse to do, leaving their harps hanging on trees. The poem then turns into self-exhortation to remember Jerusalem. It ends with violent fantasies of revenge, telling a "Daughter of Babylon" of the delight of "he who seizes your infants and dashes them against the rocks." (New International Version).
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[edit] Liturgical use
In the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which use the Byzantine Rite, Psalm 137 (which is known by its Septuagint numbering as Psalm 136) is a part of the Nineteenth Kathisma (division of the Psalter) and is read at Matins on Friday mornings throughout the year, except during Bright Week (the week following Easter Sunday) when no psalms at all are read. During most of Great Lent it is read at Matins on Thursday and at the Third Hour on Friday, but during the fifth week of Great Lent it is read at Vespers on Tuesday evening and at the Third Hour on Friday.
This psalm is also solemnly chanted at Matins after the Polyeleos on the three Sundays which precede the beginning of Great Lent.
[edit] Musical settings
The psalm, generally under variants of its title By the waters of Babylon, has been set to music by many composers.
Many musical settings omit the last verse. John L. Bell, a hymnwriter who writes many challenging texts himself, comments alongside his own setting of this Psalm: "The final verse is omitted in this metricization, because its seemingly outrageous curse is better dealt with in preaching or group conversation. It should not be forgotten, especially by those who have never known exile, dispossession or the rape of people and land.[4]"
- In William Walton's oratorio Belshazzar's Feast this version of the opening section is set to music, as if sung by the Israelite captives in Babylon.
- It was the inspiration for the famous slave chorus Va, pensiero from Giuseppe Verdi's opera Nabucco.
- Brent Dowe and Trevor McNaughton of The Melodians wrote Rivers of Babylon, a version of the psalm set to the music of Jamaica and well known through its rendition by Boney M in the 1970s. In 1999, the rock/reggae group Sublime released a live cover of the song on the Bonus version of their self-titled album.
- It was set, as On the Willows, in the Broadway musical Godspell.
- Psalm 137:5-6 is the basis for the chorus of Matisyahu's single Jerusalem.
[edit] Literature
- Psalm 137 is the source of the title of Stephen Vincent Benet's short story By the Waters of Babylon.
- The Portuguese 16th century poet Luís de Camões wrote one of his more studied poems, Sobre os Rios que Vão, based on Psalm 137
- T. S. Eliot references Psalm 137 in his poem The Waste Land. In the third stanza, The Fire Sermon, 'By the water of Leman I sat down and wept...'
[edit] References
- ^ “Chebar”, Easton's Bible Dictionary, Dictionary.com, 1897, <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chebar>. Retrieved on 9 March 2008
- ^ James L. Kugel, "Psalm 137," in In Potiphar's House (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994)
- ^ The Psalter According to the Seventy, Boston MA: Holy Transfiguration Monastery, 1974 (published 1987, Second printing), p. 241, ISBN 0-943405-00-9
- ^ Bell, John L. (1993). Psalms of Patience, Protest and Praise. Wild Goose Publications. ISBN 0 947988 56 4.
