Prozbul
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| Prozbul | |
|---|---|
| Halakhic sources* | |
| Texts in Jewish law relating to this article: | |
| Bible: | Deuteronomy 15 |
| Mishnah: | Gittin 4:3, Shevi'it 10:3 |
| Babylonian Talmud: | Gittin 34b-37b |
| * Not meant as a definitive ruling. Some observances may be rabbinical, or customs, or Torah based. | |
The Prozbul (Hebrew: פרוזבול of Greek origin) is an example of legal fiction in Judaism. It was established in the waning years of the Second Temple of Jerusalem by Hillel the Elder. The writ, issued historically by rabbis, technically changed the status of individual private loans into the public administration, allowing the poor to receive interest-free loans before the Sabbatical year while protecting the investments of the lenders.
Contents |
[edit] Historical Background
- Further information: Shmita
The Torah mandates a Sabbatical year, known as Shmita, every seventh year [1]. Among other things, the advent of the year cancels all debts. This is one of the many laws in the Torah meant to protect the poor and disadvantaged, affording them a chance to escape from eternal debt.
Conversely, the law harmed the lenders who would never be reimbursed once the Sabbatical year arrived to remit all debts. The wealthy refused to loan money during the latter years of the seven-year cycle, refusing the poor even a temporary opportunity to make ends meet[2].
[edit] Rabbinic response
The rabbis of the time found the state of affairs to be both a major challenge to the status quo and a violation of numerous mitzvot, Torah laws, that require magnanimity to the poor, including one within the aforementioned passage in Deuteronomy[3]. The rabbis, under the suggestion of Hillel the Elder, created a legal fiction, a loophole in Jewish law, in which a legal document would accompany the interest-free loans (charging interest is forbidden in the Torah) issued by individuals that stated that the loans were to be transferred to the courts as the law of remission does not apply to loans within the public domain. This groundbreaking institution benefited both borrower and lender; because lenders knew their money was safe even following the Sabbatical year, they were likely to loan to the poor.
[edit] Significance
Though the practice of the prozbul is largely archaic, its institution has far reaching effects to this day, setting somewhat of a precedence in terms of legal fiction. The decision was groundbreaking and controversial. “Later amoraim expressed their astonishment at the fact that Hillel dared to abrogate the Mosaic institution of the release of all debts every seventh year”[4]. There is a major debate in the Talmud whether rabbis have the authority to uproot from the Torah[5] and the issue of prozbul is one of the first examples of this debate being tested.
The yovel year is only commanded by the Torah when most Jews are in the land of Israel. Thus - while dispersed around the world - shmita, like certain other laws, is not required by the Torah. However, the great sanhedrin enacted their own law that while in the land of Israel Jews must continue to observe shmita, so that its observance will not be forgotten (prior to the entire Jewish people's eventual return to the land of Israel).
Thus, Hillel, great as he was, most certainly did not change a law of the Torah in order to fit the needs of his time. He and his beth din enacted a rabbinic exception to a rabbinic law. As the Rambam notes in Shmita V'Yovel perek 9, when most Jews again live in the land of Israel and the observance of the sabbatical and jubilee years are Toraitic commandments, the prozbul will no longer be able to be used.
Prozbul, like `eruv, is a rabbinic exception to a rabbinic enactment. Prozbul cannot be used to get around the Torah commanded shmita and yovel, just as `eruv cannot be used to get around Torah prohibited carrying in the public domain.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- ^ Deuteronomy 15
- ^ Pearce, Rabbi Stephen. Re'eh: How Hillel Created Precedent For Changing Law Jewish News Weekly of Northern California. August 9, 1996, accessed May 15, 2007.
- ^ Deuteronomy 15:9
- ^ Greenstone, Julius H. Prosbul. Jewish Encyclopedia. 2002, accessed May 15, 2007.
- ^ Babylonian Talmud Yevamot 89b-90b
