President of Singapore
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The President of the Republic of Singapore is Singapore's head of state. In a Westminster parliamentary system, which Singapore possesses, the prime minister is the head of the government while the position of president is largely ceremonial. Before 1993, the President of Singapore was appointed by Parliament. Following constitutional changes brought into force in 1991, the President became a popularly-elected post. The first elected President was Ong Teng Cheong, who served from 1 September 1993 to 31 August 1999. The current President of Singapore is S.R. Nathan, who first became the head of state in 18 August 1999 and is presently serving his second term of office.
The President is a ceremonial head of state broadly analogous to the British monarch, but the 1991 constitutional amendments gave the President certain reserve powers over government expenditure of financial reserves and appointments to key public offices. The President's official residence is the Istana.
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[edit] History
The office of President was created in 1965 after Singapore became a republic upon its secession from the Federation of Malaysia that year. It replaced the office of Yang di-Pertuan Negara, which had been created when Singapore attained self-government in 1959. The last Yang di-Pertuan Negara, Yusof bin Ishak, became the first President. He was replaced by Benjamin Henry Sheares after his death, who served as President until his death in 1981, when he was succeeded by Chengara Veetil Devan Nair. Owing to personal problems, Nair stepped down in 1985 and was replaced by Wee Kim Wee, who served as President until 1993.
In January 1991, the Constitution of Singapore[1] was amended to provide for the popular election of the President. The creation of the elected presidency was a major constitutional and political change in Singapore's history as, under the revision, the President is empowered to veto the use of government reserves and appointments to key civil service appointments. He or she can also examine the administration's enforcement of the Internal Security Act[2] and Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act,[3] and look into investigations of corruption.
The first and only directly-elected President was Ong Teng Cheong, a former cabinet minister. He served as President from 1 September 1993 to 31 August 1999. By virtue of transitional provisions in the Singapore Constitution,[4] although Ong's predecessor Wee Kim Wee was not elected as President, because he held the office of President immediately prior to 30 November 1991 he exercised, performed and discharged all the functions, powers and duties of an elected president as if he had been elected to the office of President by the citizens of Singapore until Ong Teng Cheong took office as President.
In 1996, the government limited the powers of the President, when it amended the Constitution to provide that a presidential veto can be overridden with a two-thirds majority in Parliament.
The incumbent President is Sellapan Ramanathan, widely known as S.R. Nathan. He was not directly elected by the people, but became the President by virtue of being the sole candidate deemed qualified by the Presidential Elections Committee. His first term of office was from 18 August 1999 to 31 August 2005. He was re-elected after a walkover on 17 August 2005. His current term of office will expire in 2011.
[edit] Qualifications
To be qualified to be elected President, a person must satisfy the following requirements:
- He or she must be a citizen of Singapore.[5]
- He or she must not be less than 45 years of age.[6]
- His or her name must appear in a current register of electors.[7]
- He or she must be resident in Singapore at the date of his or her nomination for election and must have been so resident for periods amounting in the aggregate to not less than ten years prior to that date.[8]
- He or she must not be subject to any of the following disqualifications:[9]
-
- (a) being and having been found or declared to be of unsound mind;
- (b) being an undischarged bankrupt;
- (c) holding an office of profit;
- (d) having been nominated for election to Parliament or the office of President or having acted as election agent to a person so nominated, failing to lodge any return of election expenses required by law within the time and in the manner so required;
- (e) having been convicted of an offence by a court of law in Singapore or Malaysia and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of not less than one year or to a fine of not less than S$2,000 and having not received a free pardon, provided that where the conviction is by a court of law in Malaysia, the person shall not be disqualified unless the offence is also one which, had it been committed in Singapore, would have been punishable by a court of law in Singapore;[10]
- (f) having voluntarily acquired the citizenship of, or exercised rights of citizenship in, a foreign country, or having made a declaration of allegiance to a foreign country;[11]
- (g) being disqualified under any law relating to offences in connection with elections to Parliament or the office of President by reason of having been convicted of such an offence or having in proceedings relating to such an election been proved guilty of an act constituting such an offence.
- He or she must satisfy the Presidential Elections Committee that he or she is a person of integrity, good character and reputation.[12]
- He or she must not be a member of any political party on the date of his or her nomination for election.[13]
- He or she must have for a period of not less than three years held office —
- as Minister, Chief Justice, Speaker, Attorney-General, Chairman of the Public Service Commission, Auditor-General, Accountant-General or Permanent Secretary;[14]
- as chairman or chief executive officer of the Central Provident Fund Board, the Housing and Development Board, the Jurong Town Corporation or the Monetary Authority of Singapore;[15]
- as chairman of the board of directors or chief executive officer of a company incorporated or registered under the Companies Act[16] with a paid-up capital of at least S$100 million or its equivalent in foreign currency;[17] or
- in any other similar or comparable position of seniority and responsibility in any other organization or department of equivalent size or complexity in the public or private sector which, in the opinion of the Presidential Elections Committee, has given him or her such experience and ability in administering and managing financial affairs as to enable him or her to carry out effectively the functions and duties of the office of President.[18]
[edit] Disabilities
Once elected, the President shall —
- not hold any other office created or recognized by the Singapore Constitution;
- not actively engage in any commercial enterprise;
- not be a member of any political party; and
- if he or she is a member of Parliament, vacate his or her seat in Parliament.[19]
[edit] Term of office
The President holds office for a term of six years from the date on which he or she assumes office.
The person elected to the office of President assumes office on the day his or her predecessor ceases to hold office or, if the office is vacant, on the day following his or her election.
Upon his or her assumption of office, the President is required to take and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice or of another Justice of the Supreme Court the Oath of Office, which states:[20]
| “ | I, [name], having been elected President of the Republic of Singapore, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully discharge my duties as such to be best of my ability without fear or favour, affection or ill-will, and without regard to any previous affiliation with any political party, and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Republic, and that I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore. | ” |
[edit] Maintenance: The Civil List
The Legislature of Singapore is required to provide a Civil List for the maintenance of the President,[21] and it does so by way of the Civil List and Pension Act.[22] For the fiscal year 2006, the President's personal pay, known by the British term the "privy purse", is S$2,661,700, an increase from the previous figure of S$2,507,200, while his entertainment allowance is S$132,000, up from S$117,000. The amount set aside for expenses at the Istana is S$1,301,500, up from S$1,108,500. Minister of State (Finance) Lim Hwee Hua told Parliament on 23 January 2007 that the increases were "in view of higher bonuses and higher expenditure on utilities".
Expenditure on personal staff and special services has been lowered by S$8,800 for personal staff and by S$28,300 for special services such as the purchase of cars and office equipment.[23]
[edit] Election
[edit] Presidential Elections Committee
The Presidential Elections Committee is established by Article 18 of the Constitution. Its function is to ensure that candidates for the office of President have the qualifications referred to in Article 19 of the Constitution.[24]
The Committee consists of:[25]
- the Chairman of the Public Service Commission, who is also the Chairman of the Presidential Elections Committee;[26]
- the Chairman of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority; and
- a member of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights nominated by the Chairman of the Council.
For the Singapore Presidential Election of 2005, the members of the Presidential Elections Committee were Dr. Andrew Chew Guan Khuan (Chairman), Lim Siong Guan and H.R. Hochstadt.[27]
[edit] Latest election
During the election of 2005, just like that of 1999, no balloting was held. As the Presidential Elections Committee determined that no other candidates satisfied the qualifications prescribed by the Constitution, S.R. Nathan was declared President unopposed.
| Candidate | Votes |
|---|---|
| S.R. Nathan | without ballot |
[edit] List of Presidents of the Republic of Singapore
| # | Portrait | President | Start of term | End of term |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  |
Yusof bin Ishak (12 August 1910 – 23 November 1970) |
9 August 1965 | 23 November 1970 |
| Following the death of President Yusof bin Ishak, the Speaker of Parliament Yeoh Ghim Seng was installed by Parliament as Acting President until the appointment of Benjamin Henry Sheares on 2 January 1971. | ||||
| 2 |  |
Benjamin Henry Sheares (12 August 1907 – 12 May 1981) |
2 January 1971 | 12 May 1981 |
| Once again, following the death of President Benjamin Henry Sheares, the Speaker of Parliament Yeoh Ghim Seng was installed by Parliament as Acting President until the appointment of C. V. Devan Nair on 23 October 1981. | ||||
| 3 |  |
C.V. (Chengara Veetil) Devan Nair (5 August 1923 – 6 December 2005) |
23 October 1981 | 27 March 1985 |
| Following the resignation of President C.V. Devan Nair, Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin was installed by Parliament as Acting President until 29 March when he was replaced by Speaker of Parliament Yeoh Ghim Seng until the appointment of Wee Kim Wee on 3 September 1985. | ||||
| 4 |  |
Wee Kim Wee (4 November 1915 – 2 May 2005) |
3 September 1985 | 1 September 1993 |
| After the Constitution was amended in 1991, the term of President Wee Kim Wee was fixed to end on 1 September 1993. On that date, President Ong Teng Cheong, the first directly-elected President of Singapore, assumed office. | ||||
| 5 | |
Ong Teng Cheong (22 January 1936 – 8 February 2002) |
1 September 1993 | 1 September 1999 |
| President Ong completed his term of office on 1 September 1999 and was succeeded by S.R. Nathan who ran unopposed on Nomination Day in 1999. President Nathan was subsequently re-elected in 2005. | ||||
| 6 |  |
S.R. Nathan (Sellapan Ramanathan) (born 3 July 1924) |
1 September 1999 | Present |
Prior to the introduction of elections for the Presidency, between 1965 and 1993 the Presidents of Singapore were Malay, Eurasian, Indian and Chinese in turn. While there might have been some general expectation that a system of rotation among the ethnic groups in Singapore would have continued to apply, this possibility was put to rest by the introduction of an elected Presidency in 1991. There are no constitutional provisions specifying that such system should apply.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (1999 Reprint).
- ^ Internal Security Act (Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.).
- ^ Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act (Cap. 167A, 2001 Rev. Ed.).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 163(1).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(a).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(b).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(c) read with Art. 44(2)(c).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(c) read with Art. 44(2)(d).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(d) read with Art. 45.
- ^ The disqualification of a person under clauses (d) and (e) may be removed by the President and shall, if not so removed, cease at the end of five years beginning from the date on which the return mentioned in clause (d) was required to be lodged or, as the case may be, the date on which the person convicted as mentioned in clause (e) was released from custody or the date on which the fine mentioned in clause (1) (e) was imposed on such person: Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 45(2).
- ^ A person shall not be disqualified under this clause by reason only of anything done by him or her before he or she became a citizen of Singapore: Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 45(2). In clause (f), "foreign country" does not include any part of the Commonwealth or the Republic of Ireland: Art. 45(3).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(e).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(f).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(g)(i).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(g)(ii) read with Art. 22A(3) and Pt. I of the Fifth Schedule.
- ^ Cap. 50, 2006 Rev. Ed. (S'pore).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(g)(iii).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 19(2)(g)(iv).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Arts. 19(3)(a)–(d).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Arts. 20(1)–20(3) and the First Schedule.
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 22J(1).
- ^ Civil List and Pension Act (Cap. 44, 2002 Rev. Ed.)
- ^ Paulo, Derrick A.. "Parliament Raises President's Pay", Today, 2007-01-24.
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 18(1).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Arts. 18(2)(a)–(c).
- ^ Singapore Constitution, above, Art. 18(3).
- ^ “Presidential Elections Committee (No. 1342 of 2005)”, Government Gazette, 2007-05-27, <http://www.elections.gov.sg/gazette/20050527b.pdf>.
[edit] Further reading
- Tan, Kevin Y.L. (Yew Lee); Lam Peng Er (eds.) (1997). Managing Political Change in Singapore : The Elected Presidency. Singapore: Routledge. ISBN 0415156327.
