Portsdown Hill
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| Portsdown Hill | |
|---|---|
 View over Portsmouth from Portsdown Hill |
|
| Elevation | 131 m (430 ft) |
| Location | Hampshire, England |
| Prominence | c. 3 m |
| Topo map | OS Landranger 196 |
| OS grid reference | SU627069 |
| Listing | County Top |
Portsdown Hill is a long chalk hill in Hampshire, England, offering good views over Portsmouth, The Solent, Hayling Island and Gosport, with the Isle of Wight beyond. The hill is on the mainland, just to the north of Ports Creek, which separates the mainland from Portsea Island, on which lies the main part of the city of Portsmouth, one of the United Kingdom's main naval bases. To the north lies the forest of Bere, with the South Downs marching in the distance. Butser Hill can be seen on a clear day. Southwick House nestles close by the north side of the hill, the HQ for U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower during the D-Day invasions; the generals prayed together before D-Day at Christ Church Portsdown, on the hill, which has a memorial window. The A3(M) motorway cuts through the east side of the hill while the original A3 climbs over the centre by the "George" pub and Christ Church. The nearest train stations (from west to east) are Bedhampton, Cosham and Portchester. There are many stories about real and imagined tunnels in the hill. Part of the hill has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
[edit] Portsdown Forts
The forts on Portsdown Hill were built as a result of the 1859 Royal Commission, as part of a series of fortifications built to defend Portsmouth and its dockyard (which is 8 kilometres away) from a possible attack from inland, as the development of rifled gun barrels made it possible for an invading army to land elsewhere, circle around to the top of the hill and bombard the city from there, rendering the existing Hilsea Lines at the bottom of the ridge useless. A series of 6 forts were planned along the 10 km (7 miles) of the ridge. From west to east they are forts Fareham, Wallington, Nelson, Southwick, Widley and Purbrook. The line was finished off at the eastern end with Crookhorn Redoubt and Farlington Redoubt. The main threat was perceived to be from Napoleon III of France, but this receded soon after the forts' completion. Due to this they became known as "Palmerston's Folly" but, though never needed for their original purpose, were useful anti-aircraft gun emplacements during World War II.
Fort Fareham is now a small industrial estate.
Fort Wallington has been largely demolished to make way for an industrial estate.
Fort Nelson has been extensively restored as an artillery museum run by the Royal Armouries.
Fort Southwick was for many years an Admiralty Research Establishment, sold in 2003 for housing.
Fort Widley is owned by Portsmouth council, hosting a stable and various community rooms. Tours run on summer weekends.
Fort Purbrook is open occasionally for craft fairs. It is also home to an activity centre which offers (but is not limited to) archery, rifle shooting and indoor rock-climbing.
Guarding Fort Purbrook, the Crookhorn redoubt suffered from subsidence, and was demolished by 1876. The Farlington redoubt had only the ditches and gun positions dug, and was finally demolished in the 1970s. The tunnel between Crookhorn and Purbrook has recently been rediscovered.
Over fifty hectares of the south face of the Hill are a Site of Special Scientific Interest owing to its chalk grassland habitat.
