Paradas
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The Paradas are a people mentioned in ancient Indian texts such as the Manu Smriti, various Puranas, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. In Puranic literature, they are also referred to as Varadas and Paritas. Paradas and Paritas are sometimes equated to the Paladas and Palidas of the Edicts of Ashoka, and the Paradene tribe of Ptolemy (see below), and may be identical with the archaeologically documented Paratarajas.
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[edit] Location
The Vayu Purana and Matsya Purana locate the tribe on the upper course of the Amu Darya (a.k.a. Chaksu) and Syr Darya rivers in Central Asia[1].
The Mahabharata, however, associates the Paradas with the tribes of Uttarapatha, and places them on the Sailoda River in the Xinjiang province of China.
The Ramayana locates the people in the trans-Himalayan territories, i.e. in the Sakadvipa [2].
[edit] Edicts of Ashoka
Many different populations were the object of the Ashoka’s proselytism, among them the "Palidas", thought to be the Paradas:
- "Here in the king's domain among the Yavanas, the Kambojas, the Nabhakas, the Nabhapamkits, the Bhojas, the Pitinikas, the Andhras and the Palidas, everywhere people are following Beloved-of-the-Gods' instructions in Dhamma." Rock Edict Nb13 (S. Dhammika)
[edit] The Panca-ganah
Numerous Puranic texts associate the Paradas with the Kamboja, Saka, Yavana and Pahlava tribes, and brand them together as Panca-ganah ("five hordes"). These five hordes were military allies of the Haihaya and Taljunga Kshatriyas of the Yadava line, and were chiefly responsible for dethroning King Bahu of Kosala. Later, King Sagara, son of Bahu, was able to defeat the Haihayas and Taljungas together with the five hordes.
[edit] Divestment of Kshatriyahood
According to Puranic accounts[3], King Sagara had divested the Paradas and other members of the Panca-ganah of their noble Kshatriyahood and demoted them to the barbaric caste of Mlechchas, due to their non-observance of sacred Brahmanical codes and neglect of the priestly class. Before their defeat at the hands of King Sagara, these five-hordes were called Kshatriya-pungava ("foremost among the Kshatriyas").
[edit] Annihilation in Kali Yuga
Puranic texts such as Vayu Purana state that the Udichya tribes, including the Panca-ganah, the Gandharas, Tusharas, Khasas, Lampakas, Madhyadesis, Vindhyas, Aprantas, Dakshinatyas, Dravidas, Pulindas and Simhalas, would be proceeded against and annihilated by Kalki in Kali Yuga.
[edit] Association with the Paradene
The Paradas of Sanskrit texts have been identified with the Paradene tribe mentioned by the geographer Ptolemy. The Paradene lived in Western India in the interior of Gedrosia or Balochistan in the post-Christian period. This shows that the Paradas had moved to the western region of India around Christian times. This movement of the Paradas appears to have been associated with the well known tribal movements of several Central Asian tribes, which had occurred around the second century prior to the Christian era.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Alexander's Invasion of India, p. 57
- ^ Ramayana Kisk. Kanda, 43-12
- ^ Manusmriti X.43-44
