P. B. S. Pinchback
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| P. B. S. Pinchback | |
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| In office December 9, 1872 – January 13, 1873 |
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| Lieutenant | none |
| Preceded by | Henry C. Warmoth |
| Succeeded by | John McEnery and William P. Kellogg (election contested) |
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| Born | May 10, 1837 Macon, Georgia |
| Died | December 21, 1921 (aged 84) Washington, DC |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Nina Emily |
| Religion | African Methodist Episcopal |
Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback (May 10, 1837 – December 21, 1921) was the first African American to become Governor of a U.S. state. He was also the first non-white (biracial) Governor of Louisiana. Pinchback, a Republican, served as the Governor of Louisiana for thirty-five days, from December 9, 1872, to January 13, 1873.
Nicholas Lemann, in Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War, described Pinchback as "an outsized figure: newspaper publisher, gambler, orator, speculator, dandy, mountebank -- served for a few months as the state's Governor and claimed seats in both houses of Congress following disputed elections but could not persuade the members of either to seat him."[1]
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[edit] Early life
Pinchback was born in Macon, Georgia (Bibb County), to a white planter (William Pinchback) and his former slave, Eliza Stewart. Known as "Pinckney Benton Stewart," he was educated at Gilmore High School in Cincinnati. After his father died in 1848, he left Cincinnati because he feared that his paternal relatives might try to force him into slavery. He worked as a hotel porter and barber in Terre Haute, Indiana.
In 1860, while in Indiana, Pinchback married Nina Emily. They had two daughters and four sons.
[edit] Political career
In 1863, during the Civil War, Pinchback traveled to New Orleans, Louisiana and raised African-American volunteers for the Union Army. He became captain of Company A, 1st Louisiana Native Guards (later reformed as the 73th U. S. Colored Infantry Regiment). However, he resigned his commission due to racial prejudice against black officers.
After the war, Pinchback returned to New Orleans and became active in the Republican Party, participating in Reconstruction state conventions. In 1868, he organized the Fourth Ward Republican Club in New Orleans. That same year, he was elected as a Louisiana state senator, where he became the state senate's president pro tempore. In 1871 he became acting lieutenant governor upon the death of Oscar Dunn, the first elected African American lieutenant governor of a U.S. state.
In 1872, the incumbent Republican governor Henry Clay Warmoth, was impeached and convicted, removing him from office. Pinchback, as lieutenant governor, succeeded as governor on December 9.
Also in 1872, at a national convention of African-American politicians, Pinchbank had a public disagreement with Jeremiah Haralson of Alabama. James T. Rapier (also of Alabama) submitted a motion that the convention condemn all Republicans who had opposed President Grant in that year's election.[2] Haralson supported the motion, but Pinchback opposed it because it would include Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, a lifelong anti-slavery fighter whom Pinchback felt African-Americans should laud.[citation needed]
[edit] Later life
After his brief governorship, Pinchback remained active in politics and public service. He was elected to both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, but both elections were contested, and his Democratic opponents were seated instead. Pinchback served on the Louisiana State Board of Education and was instrumental in establishing the predominantly black Southern University in New Orleans in 1880 (later relocated to Baton Rouge in 1914). He was a member of Southern University's board of trustees.
In 1882, Republican President Chester Alan Arthur named Pinchback as surveyor of customs in New Orleans. In 1885, he studied law at Straight University (which closed in 1934) in New Orleans. He was admitted to the bar in 1886, and later moved to New York City where he was a federal marshal, and then to Washington, D.C. where he practiced law.
Pinchback died in Washington in 1921 and was interred in Metairie Cemetery near New Orleans, even though the cemetery at the time was segregated and deemed to be exclusively for whites.
[edit] Legacy
It was not until 1990 that another African American became governor of any U.S. state. In 1990, Douglas Wilder of Virginia became the second African-American state governor (and the first to be elected to the office). Deval Patrick of Massachusetts was the third in January 2007 and David Paterson became the fourth on March 17, 2008, upon the resignation of Eliot Spitzer. Wilder, Patrick and Paterson are all Democrats. Only once have two African-American governors served simultaneously (Deval Patrick and David Paterson). In 2007, Republican Bobby Jindal, who is of South Asian descent, was elected governor of Louisiana for a term that began in January 2008. He is the second non-white to serve as governor of Louisiana.
Pinchback is the maternal grandfather of Harlem Renaissance author Jean Toomer.
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ Lemann, Nicholas, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War (Farrar, Straus and Giroux: September 5, 2006) pp. 196-198.
- ^ See United States presidential election, 1872 for more information about that election
[edit] References
- State of Louisiana - Biography
- African American Publications (password required)
- Bennett, Lerone, Before the Mayflower (1969)
- Bontemps, Arna W.,100 Years of Negro Freedom (1961)
- Grosz, Agnes Smith, "The Political Career of Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback," Louisiana Historical Quarterly, XXVII (1944)
- Haskins, James. Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback(New York: Macmillan, 1973)
- Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback Papers, Manuscript Department, Moorland-Spingarm Research Center, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 3 includes "Here under the protecting care" speech quoted by Nicholas Lemann in Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
- Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising, by Rev. William J. Simmons, D. D., President of the State University, Louisville, Kentucky (1887)
[edit] External links
- Cemetery Memorial by La-Cemeteries
| Preceded by Henry Clay Warmoth (R) |
Governor of Louisiana
Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback (R) |
Succeeded by John McEnery (D)/ William Pitt Kellogg (R) |
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