Overhang seat
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Overhang seats can arise in elections under the traditional (i.e. as it originated in Germany) mixed member proportional (MMP) system, when a party is entitled to fewer seats as a result of party votes than it has won constituencies.
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[edit] How overhang seats arise
Under MMP, a party is entitled to a number of seats based on its share of the total vote. If a party is entitled to ten seats, but wins only seven constituencies, it will be awarded three list seats, bringing it up to its required number. This only works, however, if the party's seat entitlement is greater than (or equal to) the number of constituencies it won. If, for example, a party is entitled to five seats, but wins six constituencies, the sixth constituency seat is called an overhang seat.
[edit] Two mechanisms to earn many overhang seats
The two mechanisms that together increase the number of overhang seats are
- winning many constituencies
- decreasing the number of party votes and therefore the number of seats to which the party is proportionally entitled
In many countries, overhang seats are rare — a party that is able to win constituency seats is generally able to win a significant portion of the party vote as well. There are, however, some circumstances in which overhang seats may arise relatively easily:
- Regional parties — Parties based in a particular region may win a substantial number of constituency seats in that region without necessarily gaining a large share of the national vote. Parties focused on particular ethnic or religions minorities may also come under this category, particularly if seats are reserved for these groups.
- Few major parties, large number of minor parties — When there are only one or two major parties, but a relatively large number of minor parties that, combined, achieve a significant share of the total proportional vote, but fail to elect any constituency seats, the large parties often end up with overhang seats.
- Individual candidates with strong local followings — Sometimes, a particular politician will have strong support in their own constituency, but will belong to a party with very low support, even in their own area. The candidate will be elected based on their own qualities, but the party they belong to will not receive enough votes to justify the candidate's seat. In the case of independent candidates, this is usually guaranteed — they have no party at all, and so obviously cannot win votes under MMP's party-list proportional representation. However, some countries, such as New Zealand, have special rules dealing with independents — seats won by these candidates are exempted from the proportional system altogether.
- A large number of constituencies compared with the total number of seats — If too many seats are used for constituencies, the remainder are less likely to ensure strict proportionality.
- Tactical voting — Voters in countries such as Germany may cast two votes and they need not be for the same party. A voter might support one party in the list vote but vote for the candidate of another party in the local vote, perhaps because the former party lacks a candidate in his or her riding or it has a candidate but he or she has little chance of winning. Parties that win many local seats but attract a reduced list vote may receive an overhang as a result.
- Decoy parties — Party labels in the constituencies can be deliberately mismatched with those in the proportional vote in an attempt to induce tactical voting. In Italy in 2001, two lists won a majority of the total number of seats, despite winning less than 0.5% of the proportional vote. While Italy's electoral system like Scotland's and Wales's was not a type of MMP in which overhangs could occur (the two systems are intended to be only partly compensatory forms of MMP so that proportional allocation is only applied to list seats), what happened could apply to MMP as described in this article.
- High electoral thresholds — Many MMPR systems include an election threshold that might prevent small parties from receiving seats, even if they poll a percentage of votes that equals or exceeds 100% divided by the total number of seats. This leaves the supporters of the smaller parties completely unrepresented, and opponents of thresholds argue that they result in what they sometimes call an "overhang" for every party that is awarded seats, since they are effectively awarded a portion of the support that was intended for other parties.
[edit] Dealing with overhang seats
Overhang seats are dealt with in different ways by different systems. The three main methods are:
- Allow the overhang — A party is allowed to keep any overhang seats it wins, but other parties are still awarded the same number of seats that they are entitled to. This means that a party with overhang seats has more seats than its entitlement. Other parties may also be given additional list seats in order that they are not disadvantaged. This preserves the same ratio between parties as was established in the election. It also increases the size of the legislature, as overhang seats are added, and there may also be extra list seats added to counteract them. This system is used in the German Bundestag and the National Assembly of Venezuela. The New Zealand Parliament uses this system, except that extra list seats are not added. The number of extra seats that may be created is sometimes limited to avoid an excessive increase in the size of the assembly, which approaches the second option:
- Take the number of overhang seats off from the other parties' seats — A party is simply allowed to keep any overhang seats it wins, and the number of list seats awarded to other parties is decreased to maintain the number of assembly seats. This means that a party with overhang seats has more seats than its entitlement, and other parties have fewer. This system is used in the Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia and the National Assembly of Lesotho, and was recently recommended by the Ontario Citizens' Assembly on Electoral Reform for adoption by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.
- Non-awarding of overhang seats — A party is not allowed to keep any overhang seats it wins, with its number of seats actually being reduced until it fits the party's entitlement. This raises a number of complications, such as the question of which constituency seats the party is not allowed to keep. After that is determined, it would then have to be decided who has in fact been "elected" in these constituencies - thus any such system would presumably result in the election of local candidates who finished in second place (or lower) in their constituencies. Not surprisngly, no existing legislature uses this method.
