Orphean Warbler
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| Orphean Warbler | ||||||||||||||
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 Adult male (center)
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| Sylvia hortensis (Gmelin, 1789, France) |
The Orphean Warbler, Sylvia hortensis, is a typical warbler of the genus Sylvia. This species occurs around the Mediterranean, extending into Central Asiais. Migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a rare vagrant to northern and western Europe.
At 15-16 cm length - somewhat larger than a Blackcap - this is one of the largest species of typical warblers. The adult males have a plain grey back and whitish underparts. The bill is long and pointed and the legs black. The male has a dark grey head, black eye mask and white throat. The iris is white. Females and immatures have a paler head and buff underparts; their grey back has a brownish tinge. The iris is dark in young birds. The song is a series of warbling liroo-liroo and scolding notes.
These small passerine birds are found in open deciduous woodland. 4-6 eggs are laid in a nest in a bush or tree. Like most "warblers", Orphean Warbler is an insectivore.
Other common names are "greater pettychaps" or "European garden warbler". The latter should be by all means avoided as the Orphean Warbler does not occur in most parts of Europe, whereas the Garden Warbler proper does. In Italy, it is also known as beccafico ("figpecker") as they were believed to gorge themselves on figs when these are in season. Such birds were considered delicacies and consequently much hunted and snared.
Two subspecies are unequivocally accepted (Snow et al. 1998), but they are increasingly considered separate species (Helbig 2001, Jønsson & Fjeldså 2006):
- Sylvia (hortensis) hortensis, Western Orphean Warbler
- SW Europe and Maghreb east to Adriatic Sea and Gulf of Sidra, respectively
- Conspicuous pinkish (males) or rusty (females) wash on underparts.
- Sylvia (hortensis) crassirostris, Eastern Orphean Warbler - includes balchanica and probably also jerdoni
- Balkans via Turkey, the Caucasus and surrounding regions to Central Asia
- Bill longer and stronger on average, though varies much. Little reddish wash on underparts, resulting in a crisper division between white belly and grey flanks. Song is more varied, approaching Nightingale in richness.(Snow 1998)
The Orphean Warbler is probably most closely allied to the Red Sea Warbler, as well as the Brown and Yemen Warblers which are sometimes placed in Parisoma. They together with the Lesser Whitethroat group seem to form a distinct clade of typical warblers. The species therein do not appear much alike at first glance, but they all have prominent white throats, lack rufous wing-patches, and usually having dark sides to the head.(Helbig 2001, Jønsson & Fjeldså 2006)
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 edition of The Grocer's Encyclopedia.
- This article incorporates text from the public domain 1913 Webster's Dictionary.
- BirdLife International (2004). Sylvia hortensis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern.
- Helbig, A. J. (2001): Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Sylvia. In: Shirihai, Hadoram: Sylvia warblers: 24-25[verification needed]. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.. ISBN 0691088330
- Jønsson, Knud A. & Fjeldså, Jon (2006): A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool. Scripta 35(2): 149–186. doi:
- Snow, David W.; Perrins, Christopher M.; Doherty, Paul & Cramp, Stanley (1998): The complete birds of the western Palaearctic on CD-ROM. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192685791
