Old Roman Symbol

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The Old Roman Symbol, or Old Roman Creed, is an earlier and shorter version of the Apostles' Creed.^[1] It was based on the second-century Rules of Faith and the interrogatory declaration of faith for those receiving Baptism (3rd century or earlier),^[1] which by the fourth century was everywhere tripartite in structure, following Matthew 28:19 ("baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".^[2]

According to Bible scholar John Norman Davidson Kelly, second-century church fathers Tertullian and Irenaeus cite it in their works.^[3] According to the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, the first text attesting it is a letter to Pope Julius I in 340 or 341, and it has recently been argued that it developed in the context of the Arian controversy.^[1]

Though the name "Apostles' Creed" appears in a letter of Saint Ambrose (c. 390), what is now known as the Apostles' Creed is first quoted in its present form in the early 8th century, a form, developed from the Old Roman Symbol, that seems to be of Hispano-Gallic origin, being accepted in Rome some time after Charlemagne imposed it throughout his dominions.^[4]

Contents 1 Latin and Greek versions 1.1 Differences between the Latin and the Greek text 2 English translation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

[edit] Latin and Greek versions

The Latin text of Tyrannius Rufinus:

Credo in deum patrem omnipotentem;

et in Christum Iesum filium eius unicum, dominum nostrum,

qui natus est de Spiritu sancto et Maria virgine,

qui sub Pontio Pilato crucifixus est et sepultus,

tertia die resurrexit a mortuis,

ascendit in caelos,

sedet ad dexteram patris, unde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos;

et in Spiritum sanctum,

sanctam ecclesiam,

remissionem peccatorum,

carnis resurrectionem.

The Greek text of Marcellus of Ancyra:

Πιστεύω οὖν εἰς θεòν πατέρα παντοκράτορα·

καὶ εἰς Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν, τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν μονογενῆ, τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν,

τὸν γεννηθέντα ἐκ πνεύματος ἁγίου καὶ Μαρίας τῆς παρθένου,

τὸν ἐπὶ Ποντίου Πιλάτου σταυρωθέντα καὶ ταφέντα

καὶ τῇ τρίτῃ ἡμέρα ἀναστάντα ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν,

ἀναβάντα εἰς τοὺς οὐρανούς

καὶ καθήμενον ἐν δεξιᾳ τοῦ πατρός, ὅθεν ἔρχεται κρίνειν ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς·

καὶ εἰς τò ἅγιον πνεῦμα,

ἁγίαν ἐκκλησίαν,

ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν,

σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν,

ζωὴν αἰώνιον.^[5]

[edit] Differences between the Latin and the Greek text

The Latin (Rufinus) and the Greek (Marcellus) versions are faithful, literal, verbatim translations of each other. The only outstanding difference is the concluding clause in the Greek text, ζωὴν αἰώνιον ("life everlasting"), which has no equivalent in the Latin text. This clause is present in the Apostles' Creed.

[edit] English translation

I believe in God the Father almighty;

and in Christ Jesus His only Son, our Lord,

Who was born from the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary,

Who under Pontius Pilate was crucified and buried,

on the third day rose again from the dead,

ascended to heaven,

sits at the right hand of the Father,

whence He will come to judge the living and the dead;

and in the Holy Spirit,

the holy Church,

the remission of sins,

the resurrection of the flesh

(the life everlasting).^[6]

[edit] See also

• Nicene Creed
• Athanasian Creed
• Filioque clause

[edit] References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article Old Roman Creed
2. ^ Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article creed
3. ^ Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds, Longman, 1972, pp. 100-130
4. ^ Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005, article Apostles' Creed
5. ^ Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds, Longman, 1972, pp. 103
6. ^ based on the translation from the Latin text found at Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Creeds, Longman, 1972, pp. 102

[edit] External links

• Catholic Encyclopedia on the origin of the Apostles' Creed