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Falun Gong or Falun Dafa is a spiritual practice introduced to the public in China by Li Hongzhi （李洪志） in 1992.^[1] It has five sets of meditation exercises and seeks to develop practitioners' hearts and character according to the principles of Truthfulness, Compassion, and Forbearance (真，善，忍）articulated in the main books Falun Gong （法輪功）and Zhuan Falun （轉法輪）.^[2][3] The teachings deal with issues such as "cultivation of virtue and character", "moral standards for different levels", and "salvation of all sentient beings." The books have been translated into over 40 languages.

According to Professor David Ownby, Falun Gong developed as part of a wider "qigong boom" of the 1990's, and understands itself in terms of a centuries-old tradition of "cultivation practice" (修煉 xiūliàn),^[4] with an equal emphasis on "science". Sinologist Professor Barend ter Haar states that it is a distinctly new form of Chinese religious practice shaped by the Maoist revolution.^[5] Another sinologist, Benjamin Penny, concurs, noting that while it as a "qigong cultivation system"^[6], the heavy emphasis on morality makes it appear to be a religion.^[7]

Falun Gong has been represented in different ways by researchers, media, and in other public fora. Scholarly portrayal tends to be sympathetic, while mass media representation is less so. While the official state media denounces it as a "heretical cult", some observers believe it is merely a label that has been conveniently used to persecute the practice.^[8]

In April 1999, a silent demonstration of 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners at the Chinese Communist Party headquarters at Zhongnanhai against alleged unfair treatment of practitioners caused a stir among the leadership.^[9][10][11] Two months later, the government banned the movement and began a large-scale crackdown, including widespread propaganda, torture, illegal imprisonment, forced labour, and psychiatric abuses.^[12][13] Falun Gong comprise 66% of all reported torture cases in China, and at least half of the labour camp population.^[14][15]

The number of practitioners is not known: a 1998 figure from the Chinese government suggests there were 70 million practitioners in China at that time^[16]; Falun Gong claims 100 million practitioners in more than 80 countries.^[17]

Contents 1 Beliefs and teachings 2 Theoretical background 2.1 Origins 2.2 Qigong and beyond 3 Early history 4 1999 and beyond in mainland China 4.1 The ban 4.2 Nationwide crackdown 4.3 Possible motives 5 Outside mainland China 6 Academic attention 7 References 7.1 proposed by Ohc 7.2 proposed by Ohc 7.3 Falun Gong sites 7.4 Other sites

[edit] Beliefs and teachings

Main article: Teachings of Falun Gong

Falun Gong is an introductory book that discusses qigong, introduces the principles and provides illustrations and explanations of the exercises. Zhuan Falun is the core text of Falun Dafa practice.^[18]

The teachings of Falun Gong are said to be a complete “cultivation practice” (xiulian, 修煉)　of both mind and body^[19] designed to allow a human being to reach “consummation”　(圓滿 Yuan Man) or “enlightenment” (a term used in Buddhism, and has also been translated as "perfection" or "completion")^[20] It can be separated into two parts, Cultivation and Practice.^[21]

“Cultivation” refers to the upgrading of one's “Xinxing”,　(心性，mind nature and moral quality),^[19] which Li Hongzhi, (called “teacher”, or “master” by students) states happens when one gives up human attachments to things like greed, selfishness, anger, lust etc. A high xinxing is said to be is imperative for a human being to enlighten to higher truths. Li says a person can do so by following the principles set forth in Zhuan Falun.^[22]

The “practice” refers to purifying ones body by the practice of 5 sets of Falun Gong exercises^[21] said to open up all energy channels in the body and purify and strengthen ones body in every dimension. The exercises are split up into two forms, a set of four standing exercises.^[23] Both exercises are taught to be performed with a conscious mind and without the adherent slipping into any form of trance or visualization.^[23]

Li states that the cultivation aspect of Falun Gong is most important where the exercises are secondary, but also important for the completion of cultivation of both mind and body.^[24]

[edit] Theoretical background

Falun Gong / Falun Dafa Chinese: 法輪功 / 法輪大法

Falun Gong     Li Hongzhi     Beliefs and Teachings     Persecution of Falun Gong     Falun Gong and organ harvesting     Falun Gong Outside Mainland China     Academic views on Falun Gong

Other related topics

Epoch Times - Sound of Hope - NTDTV - qigong - Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident - Wenyi Wang - human rights in China

According to Li, Falun Gong is an advanced "cultivation system" in the "Buddha School" which, in the past, was handed down to chosen disciples and served as an intensive "cultivation method" that required practitioners with extremely high “Xinxing” (mind-nature; heart-nature; character) or “great inborn quality.”

[edit] Origins

Qigong (or ch'i kung) refers to a wide variety of traditional “cultivation” practices that involve movement and/or regulated breathing designed to be therapeutic. Qigong is practiced for health maintenance purposes, as a therapeutic intervention, as a medical profession, a spiritual path, or a component of Chinese martial arts.

According to Xu Jian, the discourse on qigong theory broadly divides into "naturalist" and "supernaturalist" schools. The "naturalist" discourse involves scientific research on qigong and understands it within a modern, empirical framework, while the "supernaturalist" discourse is situated within a revival of nationalistic traditional beliefs and values, and understands qigong as psychosomatic and metaphysical. Scholar Xu Jian says "Each strives to establish its own order of power and knowledge, its own 'truth' about the 'reality' of qigong, although they differ drastically in their explanation of many of its phenomena."^[25]

At the center of the debate is whether and how qigong can bring forth “supernormal abilities” (teyi gongneng 特異功能). "The psychosomatic discourse emphasizes the inexplicable power of qigong and relishes its occult workings, whereas the rational discourse strives to demystify many of its phenomena and to situate it strictly in the knowledge of modern science."^[25] Ownby states that "truth, benevolence and tolerance are the physical qualities of the universe, not simple moral platitudes.... Indeed, the greatest difference between Falun Gong and the larger qigong movement, from which it emerged in 1992, is precisely Li Hongzhi's emphasis on "scientific" theory." ^[26] The Chinese government has generally tried to encourage qigong as a science and discourage religious or supernatural elements. However, the category of science in China tends to include things that are generally not considered scientific in the West, including qigong and traditional Chinese medicine.^[25]

David Aikman says that unlike in America, where many may believe that qigong is a socially neutral, subjective, New Age-style concept incapable of scientific proof, much of China's scientific establishment believes in the existence of Qi. He contends that controlled experiments by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in the late 1970s and early 1980s concluded that qi, when emitted by a qigong expert, "actually constitutes measurable infrared electromagnetic waves and causes chemical changes in static water through mental concentration."^[27]

Theories about the cultivation of elixir (dan), "placement of the mysterious pass" (xuanguan shewei), among others, are also found in ancient Chinese texts such as The Book of Elixir (Dan Jing), Daoist Canon (Tao Zang) and Guide to Nature and Longevity (Xingming Guizhi). Falun Gong's teachings tap into a wide array of phenomena and cultural heritage that has been debated for ages. However, the definitions of many of the terms used differ somewhat from Buddhist and Daoist traditions.

Li Hongzhi states in Falun Buddha Fa Lecture in Europe:

"Since the time Dafa was made public, I have unveiled some inexplicable phenomena in qigong as well as things that hadn’t been explained in the qigong community. But... the reason why so many people are studying Dafa...[is] because our Fa can truly enable people to Consummate, truly save people, and allow you to truly ascend to high levels in the process of cultivation. Whether it’s your realm of mind or the physical quality of your body, the Fa truly enables you to reach the standards of different levels."

[edit] Qigong and beyond

In the 1990s there was a qigong upsurge with attendant state suspicion. Montreal scholar David Ownby, and journalist Ian Johnson in his book Wild Grass, both offer this boom as historical context for the rise of Falun Gong.

The content of Li Hongzhi's books include commentaries on questions that have been raised in China's qigong community. According to Ownby, Li saw the qigong movement as “rife with false teachings and greedy and fraudulent 'masters'” and set out to rectify it. Li understood himself and Falun Gong as part of a “centuries-old tradition of cultivation,” and in his texts would often attack those who teach “incorrect, deviant, or heterodox ways.”^[4]

Falun Gong originally surfaced in the institutional field of alternative Chinese science, a field "insulated from the spaces formally acknowledged as institutionalized science in Western countries"^[28] Johnson described how “Falun Gong positions itself as a kind of Über-science, something that is modern but even better than modern.”^[29]

Johnson suggests that while initially Falun Gong laid emphasis on health benefits, over time “the philosophical teachings... began to take on more importance.” He writes that in the context of Falun Gong, these principles require people to live “upright lives.” A traditional morality—what Ownby calls “popular fundamentalism,” a supposed return to moral values that numerous Chinese “feel have been lost in the rush to modernisation.” Although 'Tolerance' (forbearance) suggests respecting other people's viewpoints,... that's not what it means. said David Ownby. Li "shares no common background with [Western] Enlightenment heritage and its emphasis on the individual, on acceptance of difference."^[30]

Li sought to develop a greater history, theory and meaning behind cultivation. Ownby delineates the following discourses: the suffering body which holds the possibility of freedom from illness and physical suffering; limitless human potential where physical transformation is chiefly effected by moral practice; and exile and return concerning world creation, degeneration, and salvation/renewal.^[4] Johnson describes Falun Gong as “the next logical step in qigong's development”, writing that “while firmly stating that Falun Gong was not a religion, Master Li drew on traditional religions for terminology and symbols.” The term “Falun” means Dharma Wheel, or Wheel of Law, a traditional Buddhist concept. The imagery used includes Buddhist swastikas and Taoist t'ai chi (yin-yang) symbols. Andrew P. Kipnis said that qigong may seem to be religious to laymen in the West because it deals with spiritual matters. As many Falun Gong concepts can be traced to Buddhism and Taoism, it may seem even more like a religion to the outsider.

[edit] Early history

User:Ohconfucius/FG/Early_history

Falun Gong was introduced to the public by Li Hongzhi on May 13, 1992, in Changchun, Jilin.^[31] Falun Dafa's development was set in the backdrop of a loosening of state control under way since the economic reforms and the ensuing social upheaval in the late 1970s. A partial rebirth of religion was permitted, albeit under elaborate rules and regulations which the government could not effectively control. Weakened by years of power struggles, a blind eye was turned on a wide swath of grey-area activities such as folk religions, and the wider Qigong movement at large.^[32]

Invited by qigong organizations from each area, Li traveled to almost all major cities in China from 1992 to 1994 to teach the practice. For the first few years of spreading Falun Gong, Li was granted several awards by Chinese governmental organizations^[33] to encourage him to continue promoting what was then considered to be a wholesome practice. University of Montreal scholar David Ownby noted that neither Li nor Falun Gong were particularly controversial in the beginning.^[34] Li became an "instant star of the qigong movement," with his practice method celebrated at the Beijing Oriental Health Expos of both 1992 and 1993. Falun Gong was welcomed into the Scientific Qigong Research Association, which sponsored and helped organise many of Li's activities between 1992 and 1994, including the 54 large-scale lectures given throughout China in most major cities to a total audience of 20,000. The scale of the activities was unprecedented at that time.

After teaching publicly in Changchun, Li began to make his ideas more widely accessible and affordable, charging less than other qigong systems for lectures, tapes, and books.^[35] On 4 January 1995 Zhuan Falun, the main book on Falun Gong, was published and became a best-seller in China. Before 1999, people learned Falun Gong by word of mouth, and it was usually practiced in the morning in parks^[35] like many other forms of exercise in China. It attracted many retired persons, factory workers, farmers, state enterprise managers, entrepreneurs, intellectuals, and students.^[36]

In 1994 Falun Gong was taught at the Chinese consulate in New York, as part of the Party's "cultural propaganda to the West" alongside Chinese silk craft and cooking.^[37] The consulate at that time also set up Falun Gong clubs at MIT and Columbia University which are active to this day. Starting in 1995, Li himself taught the practice outside of China, chairing a series of conferences at the Chinese embassy in Paris.^{[citation needed]}

The Economist asserts that much of Falun Gong's success in the 1990s was due to claims that it could heal without costly medicine, as many citizens had lost medical benefits and services due to changing economic conditions.^[38] Some in China maintained that Falun Gong was the most popular qigong practice in the country, and that many professors from Peking University practised the exercises every day on the campus grounds until the crackdown in 1999.^[39]

The exact number of Falun Gong practitioners is not known. Falun Gong consistently states that there are no practitioner registers or membership. According to a New York Times article published in 1999, the PRC government estimated there were 70 million practitioners.^[40][41] Prior to the crackdown, Falun Dafa had a more elaborate organizational structure. It had "general assistance centers," usually in each province, and "assistance centers" in cities. "Assistants" teach exercises, sell cassettes and books and reserved space in public parks where adherents met to exercise.^[42] This organisational structure was infiltrated by the Public Security Bureau informants who passed on lists of assistants, who were quickly rounded up and imprisoned.^[42] It is now made up of very loose cells linked by interchangeable volunteers^[42]

[edit] 1999 and beyond in mainland China

Main article: Persecution of Falun Gong

In April 1999, physicist He Zuoxiu published an article in the Tianjin College of Education’s Youth Reader magazine, entitled “I Do Not Agree with Youth Practicing qigong,” and criticised Falun Gong ^[43]. Accustomed to protesting, to force retraction from critics pursuant to the "three nots" policy,^[32] practitioners amassed. Police were allegedly called, and then beat and arrested a number of them. On April 25, Falun Gong practitioners lined the streets near Zhongnanhai in silence, seeking legal recognition and protection of the practice in light of the alleged beatings and arrests in Tianjin. Penny notes there are reports of some 300 such protests by practitioners.^[6]

[edit] The ban

edit On 20 July 1999, following seven years of rapid growth of the practice within mainland China;^[34], the government of the People's Republic of China issued a statement banning Falun Gong:

“

China today banned the Research Society of Falun Dafa and the Falun Gong organization under its control after deeming them to be illegal. In its decision on this matter issued today, the Ministry of Civil Affairs said that according to investigations, the Research Society of Falun Dafa had not been registered according to law and had been engaged in illegal activities, advocating superstition and spreading fallacies, hoodwinking people, inciting and creating disturbances, and jeopardizing social stability. The decision said that therefore, in accordance with the Regulations on the Registration and Management of Mass Organizations, the Research Society of Falun Dafa and the Falun Gong organization under its control are held to be illegal and are therefore banned.[44]

”

Xinhua further declared that Falun Gong was a highly organised political group "opposed to the Communist Party of China and the central government, [that] preaches idealism, theism and feudal superstition". Distinguishing from "ordinary core members" the leaders were referred to as "a small number of behind-the-scenes plotters and organizers who harbor political intentions".^[45] Xinhua also affirmed that "the so-called 'truth, kindness and forbearance' principle preached by Li has nothing in common with the socialist ethical and cultural progress we are striving to achieve."^[46]

On July 22, Li Hongzhi replied:

“

Falun Gong is simply a popular qigong activity. It does not have any particular organization, let alone any political objectives. We have never been involved in any anti-government activities. I am a cultivator myself, and I have never been destined to be involved in political power. I am just teaching people how to practice cultivation. If one wants to practice qigong well, he/she must be a person of high moral standards... We are not against the government now, nor will we be in the future. Other people may treat us badly, but we do not treat others badly, nor do we treat people as enemies. We are calling for all governments, international organizations, and people of goodwill worldwide to extend their support and assistance to us in order to resolve the present crisis that is taking place in China.[47]

”

[edit] Nationwide crackdown

See also: Persecution of Falun Gong

A nationwide crackdown ensued with the exception of the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau. In late 1999 legislation was created to outlaw "heterodox religions," and applied to Falun Gong retroactively.^[48]

According to some reports, every aspect of society was mobilized against Falun Gong, including the media apparatus, police force, army, education system, families, and workplaces.^[49] An extra-constitutional body, the "6-10 Office" was created to monitor and counter the activities of Falun Gong and other heretical cults; Morais, in Forbes magazine, said its role was to "oversee the terror campaign,"^[50] which was allegedly driven by large-scale propaganda through television, newspapers, radio and internet.^[48] Families and workplaces were urged to cooperate with the government's position on Falun Gong, while practitioners themselves were subject to various severe coercive measures to have them recant.^[51] Amnesty International declares the persecution to be politically motivated and a restriction of fundamental freedoms.

Protests in Beijing were frequent for the first few years following the 1999 edict, though they have largely been silenced since.^[49] Practitioners' presence in mainland China has become more low-profile, as they opt for alternative methods of informing about the public persecution, such as through overnight letterbox drops of CD-ROMs. They have occasionally hacked into state television channels to broadcast their material, with harsh repercussions. Practitioners are also globally active in appealing to governments, media and the people of their respective countries about the situation in China.

While the official state media denounces it as a "heretical cult", as did psychologist Margaret Singer,^[52] Edelman and Richardson say this has no "empirical verification or general acceptance in the scientific community," and is merely a label that has been conveniently used to persecute the practice.^[8]

There are particular concerns over reports of torture,^[53][54] illegal imprisonment including forced labour, and psychiatric abuses.^[13] Falun Gong related cases comprise 66% of all reported torture cases in China,^[14] and at least half of the labour camp population.^[15] Since 2006, Falun Gong has alleged systematic organ harvesting from living practitioners, and an investigation led by two Canadian parliamentarians, David Kilgour and David Matas, has lent support to the claims.^[55] Kilgour, former Secretary of State for Asia and the Pacific, commented "It is simply inescapable that this is going on", and Matas claimed that their evidence "has not been refuted".^[56][57] Kilgour and Matas's conclusions are corroborated by two other independent investigations, by Dr. Kirk Allison, associate director of the program in human rights and medicine at the University of Minnesota,^[58] and European Parliament Vice President Edward McMillan-Scott,^[59] however the United States Congressional Research Service regarded them as inconsistent with the findings of other investigations, relying largely on logical inferences.^[36] The Christian Science Monitor states that the report's evidence, although circumstantial, is persuasive, and criticises China for a lack of openness in investigating the claims.^[60]

[edit] Possible motives

A World Journal article suggested that certain high-level Party officials had wanted to crack down on the practice for several years, but lacked sufficient pretext until this time.^[39] Jiang Zemin is considered, by Falun Gong and some academics, to have been personally responsible for the final decision. Cited possible motives include personal jealously of Li Hongzhi,^[61] anger, ideological struggle,^[62], the nature of Communist Party rule and a perceived challenge to it.^[63] Ownby believes that Falun Gong had no overt political ambitions at the outset, but their evocation of a different vision of Chinese tradition and its contemporary value began to deny the Chinese state the sole right to define the meaning of Chinese nationalism, and perhaps of "Chineseness".^[26]

[edit] Outside mainland China

Main article: Falun Gong outside the People's Republic of China

Since the 1999 government clamp-down on Falun Gong, activities abroad directing attention to the Human Rights situation in China have increased dramatically. Falun Gong's lobbying of the United Nations, United States politicians, human rights groups, has particularly raised its profile in the United States.^[64] Falun Dafa practitioners and human rights activists in cities around the world regularly organise protest events to draw attention to the plight of practitioners in China.

North American practitioners have successfully used evolving cybertools to challenge the campaign of suppression within China and to supplant the negative image of Falun Gong in the Chinese media. Websites, web-based newspapers have been set up; cable and satellite television transmission within China have been hacked.^[1]

Falun Gong also has an extensive Internet presence to spread the news about FG and the teachings of the Master. The three main sites, Falundafa, Minghui/Clearwisdom, and Faluninfo, have English, Chinese, French, German and Russian versions. 'Falundafa' is a general introductory site; 'Clearwisdom' offers daily news updates including the latest writings of Li Hongzhi.^[6] Minghui hosts an abundance of technical information on the use of proxies and on other ways to circumvent the attempts by the Chinese state to control the internet within China, as well as videoclips that can be downloaded onto VCDs for “guerilla distribution” within China.^[1] Faluninfo has a human rights focus. There is also a site devoted to some practitioner’s views on quasi-scientific topics called Zhengjian, with its English version, "Pure Insight". Other local-based Falun Gong websites offering local contacts, local activities and local practice sites while mirroring a great deal of content/information with great discipline, quickly and accurately from the main Falun Gong sites. Outdated material is "ruthlessly" superseded.^[6]

Practitioners also draw attention to their plight by public events at which the meditation exercises are demonstrated, flyers distributing, and banners displaying; they have initiated lawsuits against Chinese leaders who they accuse of being involved in torture or other human rights abuses, and have demonstrated outside Chinese consulates around the world, and organising other public events such as lavish travelling Chinese New Year shows^[65]. Some shows by practitioners have been roundly criticised by art reviewers as "creepy evangelism"^[66] and "propaganda dressed as entertainment"^[67]

[edit] Academic attention

Some scholars such as Benjamin Penny of the Australian National University have given detailed treatments of Chinese Buddhist publications and what they have written on Falun Gong, while others such as Susan Palmer, David Ownby and PhD student Noah Porter, have made ethnographic studies of Falun Gong as it is currently transmitted and practiced in the United States. James Tong has written about the development of the campaign to persecute the practice in Mainland China, also analysing the use of the Communist states' media apparatus in its portrayal of Falun Gong as a well-financed organisation.

Scholarly research on Falun Gong and its place in contemporary society has been approached from different angles. David Ownby, for example, has analysed Falun Gong from a historical Chinese perspective as well as commented on his personal experience of meeting modern Falun Gong practitioners. Ownby has also speculated on Falun Gong as a cultural renewal of ancient Chinese cultivation forms starting in the Ming dynasty. Stephen Chan has written about Falun Gong's relationship to Buddhism and other qigong, as well as commenting on deeper reasons behind the persecution in Mainland China.

It has been argued that the movement itself and the state's response to it cannot be understood without reference to the recent history of the People's Republic of China. ^[68]

[edit] References

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[edit] proposed by Ohc

• Ian Adams, Riley Adams and Rocco Galati, Power of the Wheel: The Falun Gong Revolution (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 2000) hard cover ISBN 0-7737-3270-5
• Maria Hsia Chang, Falun Gong: The End of Days (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2004) ISBN 0-300-10227-5
• Li Hongzhi, Falun Gong (Law Wheel qigong) (Yih Chyun, 1993)
• Li Hongzhi, Zhuan Falun (Yih Chyun, 2000?)
• Danny Schechter, Falun Gong's Challenge to China (Akashic Books, 2000) hardback ISBN 1-888451-13-0, paperback ISBN 1-888451-27-0
• Articles on the Falun Gong, Pulitzer Prize winner Ian Johnson, 2001, Wall Street Journal
• Condemn Falun Gong Cult — a series of articles in the state-run Xinhua.
• Rick Ross Institute
• Falun Gong: Evaluation and Further References Site of Barend ter Haar, sinologist

edit

[edit] proposed by Ohc

[edit] Falun Gong sites

• FalunDafa.org
• Falun Gong Human Rights Working Group
• The Epoch Times A newspaper affliated with Falun Gong.

[edit] Other sites

• Falun Gong: Cult or Culture?, Produced by Chris Bullock, Radio National, April 22, 2001
• James Randi Educational Foundation
• La Presse Chinoise, special issue on Falun Gong