Northern Spotted Owl

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Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Strigiformesa
Family:	Strigidae
Genus:	Strix
Species:	S. occidentalis
Subspecies:	S. o. caurina

Trinomial name

Strix occidentalis caurina

The Northern Spotted Owl, Strix occidentalis caurina, is one of three Spotted Owl subspecies. A Western North American bird in the family Strigidae, genus Strix, it is a medium-sized dark brown owl sixteen to nineteen inches in length and one to one and one sixth pounds. Females are larger than males. The wingspan is approximately forty two inches. Northern Spotted Owls are dark brown with round or oval white spots on the head, neck, back and have a whitish underbody with brown bars along the abdomen and chest. Their flight feathers are dark brown in color and have light brown or white bars. They have dark eyes contrary to most owls which have light eyes. The facial disk has white feathers around the eyes running down each side of the beak. They can survive in the wild for ten years and up to fifteen to twenty in captivity.

1 Habitat
2 Diet
3 Reproduction
4 Threats
5 Status
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

[edit] Habitat

The Northern Spotted Owl primarily inhabits old growth forests in the northern part of it The species' range is the Pacific coast from extreme southern British Columbia to Marin County in northern California. It nests in cavities or on platforms in large trees and will use abandoned nests of other species. Spotted owls mate for life and remain in the same geographical areas year after year.

Most Spotted Owls occur on US federal lands (Forest Service, Bureau of Land Managament, and National Park Service lands), although significant numbers occur on state lands in all three states, and on private and tribal properties.

[edit] Diet

The Northern spotted owl is primarily nocturnal. The diet consists mainly of woodrats (Neotoma sp.) and flying squirrels, although it will also eat other small mammals, reptiles, birds, and insects. Spotted Owls will often swallow their catch whole and regurgitate pellets of indigestible hair, feathers, and bones. Males and females both hunt except during nesting, when males do most of the hunting. They can take prey on the ground and in flight.

[edit] Reproduction

Northern Spotted Owls are sexually ready to reproduce at one year of age, but don't typically breed until they are two to five years old. Male and females mate in February or March and the female lays two or three eggs in March or April. The eggs incubate thirty days. After hatching the young owls stay with the female eight to ten days and fledge in thirty four to thirty six days. The hunting and feeding is done by the male during this time. The young owls remain with the parents until late summer to early fall. They leave the nest and form their own winter feeding range. By spring the young owls territory will be from two to twenty four miles from the parents.

[edit] Threats

The greatest threat to spotted owl populations has historically been the loss of old-growth and mature late-seral forest, which contains large dead trees for nesting and prey habitat, as well as cool, dark roosts under the dense overstory canopy. Fragmentation of remaining habitat results from logging and roads, and may have increased predation by Great Horned Owls and other species. More recently (since 1960's), a related eastern species, the Barred Owl (Strix varia), has invaded the Pacific Northwest. Barred owls are larger, more aggressive, and compete for both nest-sites and food. They also occasionally attack spotted owls (and humans) and will also mate and hybridize with spotted owls. Barred Owls in the west occur in both young and old forest and are thought to displace spotted owls from their territories in old growth and mature forests. Additional threats to Spotted Owls include substantial loss of habitat to wildfire and forest diseases, and also the West Nile Virus.

[edit] Status

There are approximately three to five thousand pairs remaining in the wild, mostly in the states of Washington, Oregon and California.^[1] The Canadian population now numbers less than 20 birds.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service reviewed the status of the Northern Spotted Owl in 1982 and 1987, finding it did not warrant listing as threatened or endangered. Reviews in 1989 and 1990 proposed listing as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act throughout its range (northern California, Oregon and Washington), citing loss of old-growth habitat as the primary threat. This was implemented on 1990-06-23.^[2] Logging in national forests was stopped by court order in 1991.^[3]

The logging industry estimated up to 30,000 of 168,000 jobs would be lost because of the owl's status, which agreed closely with a Forest Service estimate.^[4] Harvests of timber in the Pacific Northwest were reduced by 80%, decreasing the supply of lumber and increasing prices.^[3] The decline in jobs was already in progress because of dwindling old-growth forest harvests and automation of the lumber industry.^[4] Subsequent research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison showed that logging jobs had been in a long decline and that environmental protection was not a significant factor in job loss. From 1947 to 1964, the number of logging jobs declined 90%. Starting with the Wilderness Act of 1964, environmental protection saved 51,000 jobs in the Pacific Northwest.^[5]

The controversy pitted individual loggers and small sawmill owners against environmentalists. Bumper stickers reading Kill a Spotted Owl—Save a Logger and I Like Spotted Owls—Fried appeared to support the loggers.^[4] Plastic spotted owls were hung in effigy in Oregon sawmills.^[6] The logging industry, in response to continued bad publicity, started the Sustainable Forestry Initiative.^[7] While timber interests and conservatives have cited the Northern Spotted Owl as an example of excessive or misguided environmental protection, many environmentalists view the owl as an "indicator species," or "canary in a coal mine" whose preservation has created protection for an entire threatened ecosystem.^[8]

Protection of the owl, under both the Endangered Species Act and the National Forest Management Act, has led to significant changes in forest practices in the northwest. President Clinton's controversial Northwest Forest Plan of 1994 was designed primarily to protect owls and other species dependent on old-growth forests while ensuring a certain amount of timber harvest. Although the result was much less logging, industry automation and the new law meant the loss of thousands of jobs.^[1]

The debate has cooled somewhat over the years, with little response from environmentalists as the owl's population continues to decline by 3.7 percent per year.^[3]^[1] Under the Bush administration, in 2004 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reaffirmed that the owl remained threatened, but indicated that the causes of endangerment had changed, mostly as a result of invasion by barred owls into the range and habitat of the spotted owl.

In 2007, the USFWS proposed new recovery plans intended to guide for all management actions on lands where spotted owls occur, and to aid in recovery of the species. Early proposals have been criticized by environmental groups as significantly weakening existing protections for the species. At the same time, the Bush administration wants to lift restrictions on logging and other human activity in 23 percent of the land now designated as critical habitat for the spotted owl, citing research indicating that the species does not always require vast tracts of old-growth forest.^[8]^[1] A new emphasis on control of barred owl populations through culling has been criticized, with at least one scientist on the USFWS recovery team calling this proposal "a deception to deflect blame away from habitat destruction".^[9]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brad Knickerbocker. "Northern spotted owl's decline revives old concerns", Christian Science Monitor, June 27, 2007.
^ Federal register 55 FR 26114-26194. Northern Spotted Owl Five-year Review at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brokaw, Jeanne. Mother Jones; Nov/Dec96, Vol. 21 Issue 6, p15, 1p, 1c.
^ ^a ^b ^c Satchell, M. U.S. News & World Report; 6/25/90, Vol. 108 Issue 25, p27, 3p, 6c.
^ Guglielmino, Janine. American Forests; Summer97, Vol. 103 Issue 2, p6, 2/3p, 1bw.
^ Adams, Larry. Wood & Wood Products; Dec99, Vol. 104 Issue 13, p62, 1p, 1c.
^ Sustainable Forestry Initiative. http://www.aboutsfi.org/
^ ^a ^b [1] American Lands Alliance Action Alert, May 15, 2007
^ Verhovek, Sam Howe. "To protect spotted owl, larger rival is targeted", Los Angeles Times, June 4, 2007.