Nogeoldae
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The Nogeoldae (pinyin: Lǎoqǐdà) is an ancient Korean textbook originally designed for the learning of spoken Chinese, and later for other languages. The work provides important data for Chinese historical linguistics.
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The work mainly consists of dialogues. A Goryeo merchant and his relatives travel from Wanggyeong (Kaesŏng) to Dadu (Beijing). They get Chinese companions on their way. In Dadu, they sell Korean articles and buy goods to sell in Korea. They finally leave Dadu.
Since the first Chinese edition was created, two major revisions, translations to other languages and commentaries with Hangul have been made.
The first Chinese edition seems to have been written in the late Goryeo Dynasty. A text discovered in Daegu in 1998 is considered close to the original version. This text provides valuable information on the 14th-century colloquial Northern Chinese language, called the Haner language (漢兒言語) in this book.
Since this version became obsolete in the Ming period, a revised version was published in 1480s. Based on the revised edition, the Korean scholar Choi Sejin wrote a commentary called Beonyeok Nogeoldae (飜譯老乞大) in 1517, which includes Hangul pronunciation and translations into Korean. Another commentary called the Nogeoldae Eonhae (老乞大諺解) was written in 1670.
During the Qing period, the text was revised again to adjust contemporary Chinese. the Nogeoldae Sinseok (老乞大新釋) was published in 1761, and the Junggan Nogeoldae (重刊老乞大) appeared in 1795. The commentaries corresponding to them are called Nogeoldae Sinseok Eonhae (老乞大新釋諺解) (1763) and the Junggan Nogeoldae Eonhae (重刊老乞大諺解).
The Nogeoldae was translated into other languages. The Cheong-eo Nogeoldae (or Qīngyǔ Lǎoqǐdà 淸語老乞大) includes the Manchu text along with Hangul pronunciation and Korean translations. It was written by Choe Hutaek (崔厚澤) and others and published in 1680. I Choedae (李最大) made a Mongolian edition called the Mong-eo Nogeoldae (Měngyǔ Lǎoqǐdà 蒙語老乞大) that was published in 1741.
