Neutronium
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Neutronium is a term originally used in science fiction and in popular literature to refer to an extremely dense phase of matter composed primarily of neutrons. The word was coined by scientist Andreas von Antropoff in 1926 (i.e. before the discovery of the neutron itself) for the conjectured 'element of atomic number zero' that he placed at the head of the periodic table.[1][2] However, the meaning of the term has changed over time, and from the last half of the 20th century onward it has been used legitimately to refer to extremely dense phases of matter resembling the neutron-degenerate matter postulated to exist in the cores of neutron stars.
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[edit] Neutronium and neutron stars
The term neutronium is used in popular literature to refer to the material present in the cores of neutron stars (stars which are too massive to be supported by electron degeneracy pressure and which collapse into a denser phase of matter). This term is very rarely used in scientific literature, for two reasons:
- There is no universally agreed-upon definition for the term "neutronium".
- There is considerable uncertainty over the composition of the material in the cores of neutron stars (it could be neutron-degenerate matter, strange matter, quark matter, or a variant or combination of the above).
When neutron star core material is presumed to consist mostly of free neutrons, it is typically referred to as neutron-degenerate matter in scientific literature.
[edit] Neutronium and the periodic table
The term neutronium was coined in 1926 by Professor Andreas von Antropoff for a conjectured form of matter made up of neutrons with no protons, which he placed as the chemical element of atomic number zero at the head of his new version of the periodic table. It was subsequently placed as a noble gas in the middle of several spiral representations of the periodic system for classifying the chemical elements, such as the Chemical Galaxy (2005). It is thought to be the first element that emerged after the big bang.
Although the term is not used in the scientific literature either for a condensed form of matter, or as an element, there have been reports that, besides the free neutron, there may exist two bound forms of neutrons without protons. However, these reports have not been further substantiated. Further information can be found in the following articles:
- Mononeutron: Isolated neutrons undergo beta decay with a half-life of approximately 15 minutes, becoming protons (the nucleus of hydrogen) and electrons.
- Dineutron: The dineutron, containing two neutrons, is not a bound particle, but has been proposed as an extremely short-lived state produced by nuclear reactions involving tritium.
- Tetraneutron: A tetraneutron is a hypothetical particle consisting of four bound neutrons. Reports of its existence have not been replicated. If confirmed, it would require revision of current nuclear models.
A trineutron state consisting of three bound neutrons has not been detected, and is not expected to be stable even for a short time. Calculations indicate that the hypothetical pentaneutron state, consisting of a cluster of five neutrons, would not be bound.
And so on, through the numbers, up to icosaneutron, with 20 neutrons.[3]
If one accepts neutronium to be an element, the above mentioned neutron clusters would be the isotopes of that element.
[edit] Neutronium in fiction
The term neutronium has been popular in science fiction since at least the middle of the 20th century. It typically refers to an extremely dense, incredibly strong form of matter. While presumably inspired by the concept of neutron-degenerate matter in the cores of neutron stars, the material used in fiction bears at most only a superficial resemblance, usually depicted as an extremely strong solid under Earthlike conditions. In contrast, all proposed forms of neutron star core material are fluids and are extremely unstable at pressures lower than that found in stellar cores).
Noteworthy appearances of neutronium in fiction include the following:
- In Hal Clement's short story Proof (1942), neutronium is the only form of solid matter known to Solarians, the inhabitants of the Sun's interior.
- In Doctor Who (1963), neutronium is a substance which can shield spaces from time-shear when used as shielding in time-vessels.
- In the Known Space fictional universe of Larry Niven (1964), neutronium is actual neutron star core material. Niven does not make assumptions about its strength, but imagines that small blobs of it would remain stable (and inevitably spherical) under their own gravity.
- In Star Trek (1966), neutronium is an extremely hard and durable substance, often used as armor, which conventional weapons cannot penetrate or even dent. The alien "Planet Killer" seen in the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "The Doomsday Machine", had a hull composed of indestructible neutronium. In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Relics", Worf informs Captain Picard that because the Dyson sphere is constructed of carbon neutronium, the ship's phasers would be ineffective. Neutronium also composed Kurros' starship in the 1999 Star Trek: Voyager episode "Think Tank", and a door at the Dominion headquarters on Cardassia later that same year in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine series finale, "What You Leave Behind".
- In Star Wars Expanded Universe (1978), neutronium is a rare heavy metallic element, which together with other fictional elements makes up an alloy known as durasteel. Strangely, according to the EU Book "Cracken's Threat Dossier", Star Wars Neutronium is a naturally occurring metal that can be found in mineral veins on Moons which would be impossible with conventional Science Fiction Neutronium.
- In Greg Bear's The Forge of God (a.k.a. The Planet-Killers or The Law) duology (1987–1992), neutronium and anti-neutronium are used to destroy planet Earth.
- In the computer games Master of Orion (1993), Master of Orion 2 (1996), and Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri (1999), neutronium is a possible armor type that can be researched. However, MOO2 also depicts a more realistic technology, the "neutronium bomb," an extremely powerful planetary bombardment weapon which causes damage due to "gravitic effects and the explosive decompression of the neutronium itself," a description more consistent with the expected properties of neutron-degenerate matter.
- In the game Star Control II, Neutronium is a kind of "Exotic" mineral (depicted as purple dots on planet surfaces). It may be found on certain "Ruby" and "Emerald" worlds.
- In the play-by-email computer game VGA-Planets (ca. 1993) it is used as fuel for spaceships.
- In Peter F. Hamilton's novel The Neutronium Alchemist (1997), neutronium is created by the "aggressive" setting of a superweapon.
- In Stargate SG-1 (1997), neutronium is a substance which is the basis of the technology of the advanced Asgard race, as well as a primary component of human-form Replicators.
- In the I-War (Independence War) computer game universe (1997), spongiform neutronium is used as the reactor target of beam-target fusion reactors which produce nearly all of the power requirements of modern human civilization and form the hearts of most spacefaring vessels. Its rarity and value are second only to antimatter.
- In the webcomic Schlock Mercenary (2000) neutronium is used in "annie plants," a type of total conversion power generator used for running everything from gigantic warships to personal sidearms. Gravitic technology is used to generate the neutronium from ordinary matter. (This form of neutronium is more closely based on true neutron-degenerate matter: it is similarly fluid and similarly unstable, and is a favored fuel for "annie plants" because of its extreme density.)
- In the Golden Age trilogy by John C. Wright (2002), a rotating torus of neutronium, when brought near the event horizon of a black hole, allowed access to the inner region of the black hole presumably due to the counteracting gravitational force.
- In the book Die Herren der Schwarzen Festung by the German writer Wolfgang Hohlbein (2003), neutronium is capable of holding two black holes away from each other.
- In W. Michael Gear's Forbidden Borders trilogy it is stated that a alien race is primarily composed of neutronium causing them to have a fundamentally different physics than humans.
- In Bioware's game Mass Effect - Element Zero or 'Eezo' is used for generating the "mass effect" by applying current to the substance. Positive current causes apparent mass to increase, and negative current causes apparent mass to decrease (this can even create negative mass allowing for anti-gravity and Faster-than-light travel). It is found in asteroids orbiting a heavily irradiating star. (Requires exact wording from game)
- In the game Continuum, on Hyperspace, it is a type of armor one can buy for a lot of money and experience points. The armor itself is heavy and reduced ship performance, but it provides a lot of protection against guns, bombs, bursts, and shrapnels.
- In Wil McCarthy's novel, The Collapsium, neutronium is a state of matter which can be manipulated by stellar engineers to form further even denser materials such as collapsium and hypercollapsium.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ von Antropoff, A. (1926). "Eine neue Form des periodischen Systems der Elementen." (PDF). Z. Angew. Chem. 39 (23): 722–725. doi:10.1002/ange.19260392303.
- ^ Stewart, Philip J. (October 2007). "A century on from Dmitrii Mendeleev: tables and spirals, noble gases and Nobel prizes". Foundations of Chemistry 9 (3): 235-245. doi:10.1007/s10698-007-9038-x.
- ^ Bevelacqua, J. J. (June 11, 1981). "Particle stability of the pentaneutron". Physics Letters B 102 (2–3): 79–80.
[edit] Bibliography
- Norman K. Glendenning, R. Kippenhahn, I. Appenzeller, G. Borner, M. Harwit (2000). Compact Stars, 2nd ed.
