National academy

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A national academy is a body, usually operating with state financial support and approval, that co-ordinates the activities of research in (nearly always) the sciences and (sometimes) other disciplines. Typically the country's learned societies in individual disciplies will liaise with or be co-ordinated by the national academy. National academies play an important organizational role in academic exchanges and collaborations between countries.

The extent of official recognition of national academies varies between countries. In some cases they are explicitly or de facto an arm of government; in others, as in the United Kingdom, they are voluntary, non-profit bodies with which government has agreed to negotiate, and which may receive government financial support while retaining substantial independence. In the countries of the former Soviet Union, and in the People's Republic of China, the national academies have considerable power over policy and personnel in their areas. There is however a growing consensus among international federations of learned academies that bona fide national (or learned) academies need to adhere to certain criteria:

• The fellowship is elected, on the basis of excellence, by existing fellows
• The number of fellows is restricted either to a total number or to a rate of accretion
• The governance of the academy is democratic and “bottom up”. The fellowship is the ultimate source of the academy’s authority
• The academy is independent of government, industry and professional associations. Most, if not all, all academies derive some financial support from some or all of these other organizations but this support needs to be given in a manner that does not compromise the academy’s independence.

[edit] Different models

In some countries, a single academy covers all disciplines; an example is France. In others, there are several academies, which work together more or less closely; for example, Australia.

[edit] Academies by country

• Australia - has separate academies for the sciences, social sciences, and humanities
• Canada - the Council of Canadian Academies draws upon the Royal Society of Canada, the Canadian Academy of Engineering and the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences
• Finland - national academies based on language. The Finnish Academy of Science and Letters (Finnish: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia) is the Finnish-speaking academy, while The Finnish Society of Science and Letters (Swedish: Finska vetenskaps-societeten, Finnish: Suomen tiedeseura) is mostly Swedish-speaking. In the field of engineering, the Finnish Academy of Technology (Finnish: Teknillisten tieteiden akatemia, Swedish: Akademin för Tekniska Vetenskaper) and Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland (Swedish: Svenska tekniska vetenskapsakademien i Finland) form a corresponding pair. The Academy of Finland is not an academy in the sense of this article, but the state research funding agency.
• France - the Institut de France groups together five academies, including the Académie française
• Germany - Leopoldina
• Greece - Academy of Athens
• Italy - Accademia nazionale delle scienze
• Poland - Polish Academy of Sciences
• Russia - Russian Academy of Sciences is the main body that is organizing work in fundamental sciences and humanities in Russia. There exist independently 5 specialized national academies: Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences [1], Russian Academy of Education, Russian Academy of Agriculture Sciences, and Russian Academy of Arts. All of them are self-ruled, but supported by the government.
• Serbia - Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences
• Turkey - Turkish Academy of Sciences is funded by the government but maintains autonomy
• Ukraine - National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
• United Kingdom - the Royal Society is recognised as the national academy for the sciences, the British Academy for the social sciences and the humanities, and the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Academy of Medical Sciences for their areas
• United States - there are four National Academies

Within most countries, the unqualified phrase "National Academy" will normally refer to that country's academy. Within the United States, the plural phrase "National Academies" is widely understood to refer to the US National Academies.