Municipal Administration in French India
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Though the French established colonies in India in seventeeth century itself, it was not until during the end of 19th century they started civil administration in French India.
[edit] French Metropolitan Decree
A French Metropolitan Decree, dated 12 March 1880 adopted a six-year term of office for Mayors (Maire), municipal councillors (Conseil Municipaux) and commune panchayats (Communes). Thus French India has seen a French system of municipal administration.
In the past, municipal administration was virtually the pivot of the whole administrative machinery in French India. It had several features that could serve as a role model for hassle-free administration in French India.
[edit] History of Communes from 1880
The whole system was devised on the same pattern as prevailed in France and other French colonies. The Territory was originally divided into ten communes in 1880, namely
- Pondichéry
- Pondichéry (Chef-lieu de commune)
- Oulgaret
- Villenour
- Bahour
- Karikal
- Karikal (Chef-lieu de commune)
- Grand'Aldee
- Nedoungadu
- Chandernagore
- Chandernagore (Chef-lieu de commune)
- Mahé
- Mahé (Chef-lieu de commune)
- Yanaon
- Yanaon (Chef-lieu de commune)
As the area were found too large for administration, by decree of 24 December 1907 they were re-organized into 17 communes, with effect from 21 February 1908.
- Pondichéry
- Pondichéry (Chef-lieu de commune)
- Ariancoupom
- Mudaliarpeth
- Oulgaret
- Bahour
- Nettapacom
- Villenour
- Tiroubouvane
- Karikal
- Karaikal (Chef-lieu de commune)
- Tirounallar
- Nedoungadu
- Kottucherry
- Grand'Aldee
- Neravy
- Chandernagore
- Chandernagore (Chef-lieu de commune)
- Mahé
- Mahé (Chef-lieu de commune)
- Yanaon
- Yanaon (Chef-lieu de commune)
Consequent on the merger of Chandernagore with West Bengal, the number of communes have been reduced to sixteen. These sixteen local areas (communes) were declared as Municipalities and administered by Mayors and the Councils.
[edit] Le chef-lieu de commune (Principal town)
French India had had five principal (Chef-lieu) communes.They are Pondichéry, Chandernagore, Karikal, Mahé and Yanaon.
[edit] La Mairie (Hotel de Ville)
The Mairie (Town Hall) in Pondicherry is called as Hotel de Ville. It was magnificent and elegant 19th century municipality building situated close to the sea near Beach Road in Pondicherry Town.
Other municipalities of French India, ie., Karikal, Mahé and Yanaon also have their respective Mairie halls at their place.
[edit] Municipal wards (Sièges)
During French colonial rule, Pondichéry settlement had a total of 102 Sièges. Pondichéry commune had 18 Sièges while other 7 communes had 12 Sièges each. Karikal settlement had 74 Sièges. Chandernagore Municipality had 24 wards, Mahé Municipalité had 12 Sièges and Yanaon Municipalité had 12 Sièges. Then, they were called previously as Sièges instead of wards.
[edit] Structure of municipality
Each ward (Siège) was represented by a municipal councilor (Conseiller Municipal). Each commune possessed a Mayor (Maire) and a Municipal council (Conseil Municipal) which managed the commune from the Mairie (city hall). The life-span of a Municipal council was 6 six years with one half of the memebership renewed for every 3 years.
[edit] Timeline of past elections held
- 1880 May 30
- 1883
- 1886
- 1892
- 1898
- 1902
- 1904
Re-organized into 17 new communes by decree of 25 December 1907 (w.e.f 21 February 1908)
- 1910
- 1916
- 1919
- 1922
- 1928 May 9
- 1931
- 1934 October 21
- 1937
- 1940
- 1946 June 23
Re-elections held based on Indo-French agreement dated June 1948
- 1948 October 24 (Regarding future of French colonies)
- 1954 October 18 (Regarding merger with India)
- de facto transfer to Indian Union on 1 November 1954
- No elections until de jure transfer
- 1962
- 1968
- 2006
[edit] First and Last Mayors
- Pondichéry
- First : Léon Guerre
- Last : Muthu Pillai
- Karikal
- First : Mr.Gaudart
- Last : V. Govindarajan
- Mahé
- First : Advocate. Paduvankutty
- Last : V.N.Purushothaman
- Yanaon
- First : Bezawada Bapa Naidou
- Last : Madimchetti Satianandam
- Chandernagore
- First : Charles Dumaine
- Last : Kamal Prosad Ghosh
[edit] Most important elections
Elections held on 24 October 1948 and 18 October 1954 are most crucial in the history of French India.
[edit] Chandernagore elections
Municipal elections were in August 1948, and were conducted more or less peacefully. The Congress Karma Parishad, an organization sponsored by Bengal members of the Indian Congress Party, won 22 of the 24 seats. The Parishad had stated its policy as one of merger with India.
On 15 December the new Municipal Council passed a resolution in favour of such a merger and requested both the French and Indian Governments to effect the change of administration "in a smooth and amicable manner before March 31, 1949".
- Total seats -24
- Congress Karma Parishad - 22
- Pro-French Group - 02
[edit] Election results of 1948
In June 1948 the French and Indian Governments came to an agreement as to how the future of the French Settlements should be determined. Municipal elections were held in Pondicherry, Karikal and Yanam on 24 October 1948. The two main parties were the French India Socialist Party (Socialists), who favoured the continuance of French rule, and the French India Congress (Congress), who favoured union with India.
- Pondichéry - 102
- Socialists - 83
- Congress - 13
- Independents - 09
- Karikal - 74
- Socialists - 64
- Congress - 10
- Yanaon - 12
- Socialists - 03
- Independents - 09
- Mahé - 12
- Owing to serious disturbances, elections were not held in Mahé.
[edit] Election results of 1954
Franco-Indian negotiations were resumed in early August 1954, that time in New Delhi. Nationalist agitation in the settlements was suspended while the negotiations were in progress. A compromise between the French and Indian points of view was worked out. India and France, following talks, issued a joint statement on October 13, 1954 announcing a procedure for deciding the status of the French settlements. Five days later, on 18 October a joint communiqué was issued stating that “all elected members of the Representative Assembly and municipal councils will meet on 18 October at Pondicherry to consider the joint proposals of the two Governments for a final settlement of the future of the establishments and to record their decision on these proposals as an expression of the wishes of the people”.
The Congress took place at Kizhoor, a village in the Pondicherry Settlement. After considering the draft agreement put before them by the French and Indian Governments the Congress voted in secret ballot by 170 votes to 8 in favour of union with India. An agreement for the de facto transfer of the Establishments was thereupon signed in Delhi on 21 October 1954.
[edit] Date of Events
| Colony | Liberation | de-facto transfer | Treaty of Cession | de-jure transfer | Merger |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pondichéry | - | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1963 | 1 July 1963 |
| Chandernagore | - | 26 June 1949 | 28 February 1951 | 9 June 1952 | 1 October 1954 |
| Karikal | - | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1963 | 1 July 1963 |
| Mahé | 16 June 1954 | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1963 | 1 July 1963 |
| Yanaon | 13 June 1954 | 1 November 1954 | 28 May 1956 | 16 August 1963 | 1 July 1963 |
[edit] See also
- Causes for Liberation of French colonies in India
- Pondicherry Municipal Council
- Yanam Municipal Council
- French East India Company
- Coup d'État de Yanaon
- French colonial empire
- French India
